Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

what are neurons

A

Neurons are nerve cells. They are highly specialised cells of the nerve cells. Neurons generate electrochemical nerve impulses and carry information from one part of the body to another.

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2
Q

what is glial tissue

A

Glial cells support, protect and provide neurons with nutrition, and insulate them from each other.

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3
Q

what is an example of glial tissue

A

schwann tissue

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4
Q

how can neurons be classified

A
  • structure
  • function
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5
Q

what are the three functional types of neurons

A
  1. Afferent
  2. Efferent
  3. Interneurons
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6
Q

how do afferent neurons function

A
  • take nerve impulses from receptors o the central nervous system
  • are sensory receptors
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7
Q

how do efferent neurons function

A
  • take nerve impulses from the central nervous system to effectors
  • are motor/effector
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8
Q

how do interneurons function

A

These neurons located in the central nervous are the link between the sensory and motor neurons

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9
Q

what other names is interneurons function

A
  • association neurons
  • connector
  • relay
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10
Q

what are four structural types of neurons

A
  1. Unipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Multipolar
  4. pseudounipolar
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11
Q

describe unipolar neurons

A

Has only one extension called an axon from the cell body. It is not found in humans, they are found in insects.

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12
Q

describe bipolar neurons

A

Have one axon and one dendritic extending from the cell body. Both axon and dendrite may have many branches at their ends.

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13
Q

where are three places bipolar neurons be found

A
  1. ear
  2. eye
  3. nose
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14
Q

describe multipolar neurons

A

Have one axon and several dendrites extending from the cell body. All somatic motor neurons and most interneurons.

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15
Q

describe what pseudounipolar neurons are

A

Has properties of both unipolar and bipolar neurons. There is a single axon from the cell body which branches off into dendrites and axon terminals. They are usually sensory axons.

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16
Q

what is the cell body also known as

A
  • cyton
  • soma
17
Q

what is the cell body

A

The cell body is part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and is responsible for controlling the functioning of the cell. Consists of granular cytoplasm due to a cluster of ribosomes. There are abundant organelles.

18
Q

what are dendrites

A
  • Short and high-branched.
  • Synapse with other neurons or receptors.
  • Transmit electrochemical impulses towards the cell body.
19
Q

what are axons

A
  • Is a single, long nerve fibre.
  • Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
  • Terminate at the synaptic end bulbs.
  • Connect with muscles, glands and neurons.
20
Q

what is it called when axons connect to muscles

A

neuromuscular junction

21
Q

what is it called when axons connect to glands

A

neuroglandular junction

22
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

The myelin sheath is a white, fatty sheath surrounding the axon of most neurons.

23
Q

what produces the myelin sheath of the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

24
Q

what are the three functions of the myelin sheath

A
  1. speeds up nerve transmission
  2. acts as an insulator
  3. protects nerve fibres
25
Q

what are the gaps between the myelin sheath on an axon called?

A

nodes of Ranvier

26
Q

what is the outermost structure of a Schwann cell

A

neurilemma

27
Q

what is a synapse

A

Is a space or junction between two adjacent neurons

28
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

A molecule that carries a nerve impulse across a synapse