Homeostasis - Blood Glucose

Question 1

What is the word equation of cellular respiration?

Answer 1

Glucose + Oxygen > Carbon dioxide + Water

Question 2

What is the chemical equation of cellular respiration?

Answer 2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 3

What is glycogen?

Answer 3

Glycogen is a long chain of glucose molecules chemically combined.

Question 4

How is glucose stored? In what form?

Answer 4

Stored as glycogen

Question 5

Where are the two places where glycogen is stored?

Answer 5

1. Liver
2. Skeletal muscles

Question 6

What structure transports/carries glucose through the liver?

Answer 6

The hepatic portal vein.

Question 7

What are 4 processes involving glucose that occur in the liver?

Answer 7

1. Glucose may be removed from the blood by the liver to provide energy for the liver to function.
2. Glucose may be removed by the liver or muscles and converted into glycogen for storage.
3. Glucose may continue to circulate in the blood, available for body cells to absorb and use as a source of energy.
4. Glucose may be converted into fat for long-term storage.

Question 8

What is Glycogenesis?

Answer 8

The creation of glycogen.

Question 9

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 9

The breakdown of glycogen.

Question 10

What is the islets of Langerhans?

Answer 10

The islets of Langerhans are clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas. They contain chemoreceptors to detect changes in blood glucose.

Question 11

What are the two cells the islets of Langerhans consist of?

Answer 11

1. Alpha cells
2. Beta cells

Question 12

What do alpha cells produce?

Answer 12

Secrete glucagon.

Question 13

What do beta cells produce?

Answer 13

Secrete insulin.

Question 14

What are the 4 ways insulin causes a decrease in blood glucose?

Answer 14

1. Accelerate the transport of glucose from the blood into body cells.
2. Accelerate glycogenesis in the liver and skeletal muscles.
3. Stimulate the conversion of glucose into proteins.
4. Stimulate lipogenesis.

Question 15

What are 3 ways glucagon increases blood glucose levels?

Answer 15

1. Stimulating glycogenolysis.
2. Stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver which occurs through lipolysis.
3. Inducing some protein breakdown.

Question 16

What does the Adrenal Cortex secrete to control blood glucose?

Answer 16

Glucocorticoids - Cortisol

Question 17

What does the Adrenal Medulla secrete to control blood glucose?

Answer 17

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

Question 18

How are glucocorticoids secreted from the Adrenal Cortex?

Answer 18

The hypothalamus causes the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to secrete ACTH which targets the release of cortisol at the Adrenal Cortex.

Question 19

What do glucocorticoids do?

Answer 19

Glucocorticoids ensure that enough energy is provided to cells, therefore stimulating glycogenolysis. Stimulate protein breakdown in muscles and conversion of amino acids into glucose in the liver.

Question 20

What does adrenaline/noradrenaline do?

Answer 20

Adrenaline will increase blood glucose levels by glycogenolysis. Stimulate the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and the release of glucose into the blood.

Question 21

Write an SRMERF on how blood glucose levels are regulated when the stimulus is a decrease in blood glucose.

Answer 21

S - Decrease in blood glucose.
R - Central chemoreceptors in islets of Langerhans are stimulated.
M - Alpha cells in islets of Langerhans
E - The alpha cells release glucose.
R - Promotes glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis.
F - Increase in blood glucose.

Question 22

Write an SRMERF on how blood glucose levels are regulated when the stimulus is an increase in blood glucose.

Answer 22

S – Increase in blood glucose.
R – Central chemoreceptors in islets of Langerhans.
M – Beta cells in Islets of Langerhans.
E – Beta cells release insulin.
R – Increased uptake of glucose into the cells, promotes glycogenesis and promotes fat storage and protein synthesis.
F – Decrease in blood glucose.