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PT Elements > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

the process by which our sense receptors and nervous system represent our external environment

A

sensation

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2
Q

the process by which we mentally organize and interpret sensory information

A

perception

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3
Q

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing

A

bottom-up processing

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4
Q

information processing that creates meaning from sensory input by drawing on our experiences and expectations/information processing

A

top-down processing

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5
Q

converting one form of energy into another that our brain can use

A

transduction

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6
Q

the point at which we detect a stimulus 50% of the time

A

absolute threshold

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7
Q

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.

A

signal detection theory

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8
Q

that point at which we detect a stimulus less than 50% of the time

A

subliminal

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9
Q

unconscious activation of certain associations

A

priming

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10
Q

the minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli 50% of the time

A

difference threshold(just-noticeable Difference)

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11
Q

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percent-age (rather than a constant amount).

A

Weber’s Law

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12
Q

our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

A

sensory adaptation

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13
Q

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

A

perceptual set

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14
Q

distance from one wave peak to the next (determines hue)

A

wavelength

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15
Q

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth

A

hue

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16
Q

the amount of energy in lightwaves which is determined by amplitude from peak to trough

A

wave intensity

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17
Q

multilayered tissue lining the back of the eye (RED GREEN BLUE color receptors)

A

retina

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18
Q

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

A

accomodation

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19
Q

detect black, white, grey more light sensitive

A

rods

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20
Q

the nerve that carries information to the brain “information highway”

A

optic nerve

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21
Q

where the optic nerve leaves the eye, there are no receptor cells here

A

blind spot

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22
Q

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

A

fovea

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23
Q

the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors – one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue — which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

A

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

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24
Q

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.

A

opponent-process theory

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25
Q

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angel, or movement

A

feature detectors

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26
Q

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision

A

parallel processing

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27
Q

3 basic steps of all sensory systems

A

receive, transform, deliver

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28
Q

______ sensory stimulation, via specialized cells

A

receive

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29
Q

_______ that stimulation into neural impulses

A

tranform

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30
Q

________ that neural information to the brain

A

deliver

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31
Q

2 characteristics of light

A

wave length and wave intensity

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32
Q

what color do shorter wavelengths produce

A

bluish colors

33
Q

what color do longer wavelengths produce

A

reddish colors

34
Q

what color does a wave with a great amplitude produce

A

bright colors

35
Q

what color does a wave with a smaller amplitude produce

A

dull colors

36
Q

eye’s small opening

A

pupil

37
Q

color muscles that dilates/constricts pupil

A

iris

38
Q

focuses incoming rays

A

lens

39
Q

lobe connected to the optic nerve

A

occiptal lobe

40
Q

near is clear, objects further away are blurry

A

myopia

41
Q

cannot see near clearly, but they can see far away

A

presbyopia

42
Q

decreased ability to see color differences

A

Color-Vision Deficiency

43
Q

jostling molecules of air

A

soundwaves

44
Q

determines LOUDNESS

A

amplitude

45
Q

determines PITCH

A

Frequency

46
Q

what does the outer ear contain

A

auditory canal and eardrum

47
Q

what does the middle ear contain

A

hammer, anvil, stirrup [like a piston]

48
Q

what does the inner ear contain

A

cochlea, oval window, basilar membrane

49
Q

what is the basilar membrane connected to

A

auditory cortex

50
Q

damage to cochlea’s receptor cells

A

Nerve Deafness

51
Q

translates sound into electrical signals

A

cochlear implant

52
Q

Damage to auditory nerves can be caused by: (4 things)

A

disease, genetic, aging, prolonged exposure to loud noise

53
Q

Four senses of touch:

A

pressure, warmth, cold, pain

54
Q

five senes of taste

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

55
Q

what is taste connected to?

A

temporal lobe

56
Q

how many times do you inhale and exhale a day?

A

20,000 times

57
Q

how many receptors for smell do we have on each nasal cavity

A

5 million

58
Q

where do the receptor cells in the nose send their messages to

A

olfactory bulb

59
Q

the sense of the position and movement of individual body parts

A

kinesthesia

60
Q

what are the three motion sensors

A

muscles, tendons, joints

61
Q

the sense of the position and movement of individual body parts including the sense of balance

A

Vestibular Sense

62
Q

organizing pieces of information into a whole

A

Perceptual Organization

63
Q

to perceive any object (figure) as distance from its surroundings (ground)

A

Figure/Ground

64
Q

What is the first task in perception

A

Figure/Ground

65
Q

organizing the figure into meaningful form

A

Grouping

66
Q

what is the second task of perception

A

Grouping

67
Q

what are the five rules in grouping

A

proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, connectedness

68
Q

group nearby figures together

A

proximity

69
Q

group together figures that are the same

A

similarity

70
Q

perceive smooth continuous lines/patterns rather then discontinuous lines

A

continuity

71
Q

fill in gaps to create a whole

A

closure

72
Q

perceive spots, lines, or areas as a single unit when uniform and linked

A

connectedness

73
Q

allows us to estimate/judge the distance an object is from us

A

depth perception

74
Q

6-14 months were reluctant

A

Visual Cliff

75
Q

depth cues using both eyes

A

Binocular Cues

76
Q

the greater the difference the retina receives of an object the closer the object is to us

A

Retinal Disparity

77
Q

a muscular cue that indicates the extent to which the eyes move inward

A

Convergence

78
Q

depth cues available to each eye separately

A

monocular cues

79
Q

ability to perceive objects as unchanging while stimuli from it change

A

Perceptual Constancy

PT Elements (43 decks)

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