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PT Elements > A&P Exam 1 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

head

A

cephalic

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2
Q

Skull

A

cranial

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3
Q

Face

A

Facial

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4
Q

Neck

A

Cervical

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5
Q

Armpit

A

Axillary

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6
Q

Arm

A

Brachial

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7
Q

Front of Elbow

A

Antecubital

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8
Q

Forearm

A

antebrachial

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9
Q

wrist

A

carpal

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10
Q

palm

A

palmar/volar

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11
Q

Fingers

A

Digital/Phalangeal

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12
Q

Thigh

A

Femoral

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13
Q

Anterior surface of knee

A

patellar

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14
Q

Leg

A

Crural

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15
Q

Foot

A

Pedal

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16
Q

Ankle

A

Tarsal

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17
Q

Toes

A

Digital/Phalangeal

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18
Q

Body

A

Trunk

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19
Q

Chest

A

Thoracic

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20
Q

Abdomen

A

Abdominal

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21
Q

Pelvis

A

Pelvic

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22
Q

Forehead

A

Frontal

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23
Q

Temple

A

Temporal

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24
Q

Eye

A

Orbital/Ocular

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25
Q

Ear

A

Otic

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26
Q

Cheek

A

Buccal

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27
Q

Nose

A

Nasal

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28
Q

Mouth

A

Oral

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29
Q

Chin

A

Mental

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30
Q

Breastbone

A

Sternal

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31
Q

Breast

A

Mammary

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32
Q

Navel

A

Umbilical

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33
Q

Hip

A

Coxal

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34
Q

Groin

A

Inguinal

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35
Q

Thumb

A

Pollex

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36
Q

Hand

A

Manual

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37
Q

Pubis

A

Pubic

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38
Q

Top of foot

A

Dorsum

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39
Q

Great Toe

A

Hallux

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40
Q

Base of Skull

A

Occipital

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41
Q

Shoulder Blade

A

Scapula

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42
Q

Spinal Column

A

Vertebral

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43
Q

Back of Elbow

A

Olecranal/Cubital

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44
Q

Between Hips

A

Sacral

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45
Q

Buttock

A

Gluteal

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46
Q

Region between anus and external genitals

A

Perineal

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47
Q

Hollow behind knee

A

Popliteal

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48
Q

Sole

A

Plantar

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49
Q

Back

A

Dorsal

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50
Q

Loin

A

Lumbar

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51
Q

Full Arm

A

Upper Limb

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52
Q

Back of Hand

A

Dorsum

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53
Q

Full Leg

A

Lower Limb

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54
Q

Heel

A

Calcaneal

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55
Q

Epigastric Region

A

Upper middle portion of the trunk

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56
Q

Umbilical Region

A

Central middle portion of the trunk

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57
Q

Pubic Region

A

Lower middle portion of the trunk

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58
Q

RUQ

A

Right Upper Quadrant

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59
Q

LUQ

A

Left Upper Quadrant

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60
Q

RLQ

A

Right Lower Quadrant

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61
Q

LLQ

A

Left Lower Quadrant

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62
Q

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of hands turned forward

A

Anatomical Position

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63
Q

lying face down

A

prone position

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64
Q

lying face up

A

supine position

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65
Q

front of the body

A

Anterior(ventral)

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66
Q

back of the body

A

posterior(dorsal)

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67
Q

toward the head/higher up

A

superior

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68
Q

lower on the body/farther from the head

A

inferior

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69
Q

toward the midline

A

medial

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70
Q

away from the midline

A

lateral

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71
Q

closer to the point of attachment

A

proximal

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72
Q

farther from the trunk of the body/point of attachment

A

Distal

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73
Q

closer to the head

A

cephalad

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74
Q

toward the tail/farther from the head

A

Caudal

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75
Q

near the surface/external

A

superficial

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76
Q

away from the body surface; internal

A

deep

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77
Q

imaginary flat surfaces that divides the body or an organ into sections

A

planes

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78
Q

a plane that divides the body into right and left sections

A

sagittal

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79
Q

the plane dividing the body into equal right and left sections

A

midsagittal

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80
Q

divides the body into unequal right and left sections

A

parasagittal

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81
Q

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

A

frontal(coronal)

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82
Q

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

A

Transverse (Cross-Sectional/Horizontal)

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83
Q

section divides the body or organ into diagonal parts

A

Oblique (Diagonal)

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84
Q

a slice of the body or organ made alone one of the planes and is named from the plane of the cut

A

Section

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85
Q

The cavity that contains the brain, formed by the cranial bones

A

Cranial Cavity

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86
Q

The cavity that contains the spinal cord, created by the vertebral column

A

Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity

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87
Q

three layers of protective tissue which lines the cranial and vertebral cavities

A

meninges

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88
Q

inflammation of the meninges

A

meningitis

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89
Q

the chest cavity which also houses the mediastinum and pleural cavities

A

thoracic cavity

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90
Q

the space between the lungs which contains all the viscera of the thoracic cavity besides the lungs, including the pericardial cavity

A

mediastinum

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91
Q

the cavity that surrounds the heart

A

pericardial cavity

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92
Q

the cavities which contain the lungs

A

pleural cavities

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93
Q

the dividing landmark between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

diaphragm

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94
Q

contains both the pelvic and abdominal cavities

A

abdominopelvic cavity

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95
Q

contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

A

abdominal cavity

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96
Q

contains some of the large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

A

pelvic cavity

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97
Q

contains the cranial cavity and spinal column

A

dorsal body cavity

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98
Q

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

Ventral Body Cavity

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99
Q

Thin sheets of tissues that line body cavities and organs within the trunk

A

serous membranes

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100
Q

the layer of serous membranes that lines the walls of the cavities

A

parietal layer

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101
Q

the layer of serous membrane that adheres to the viscera

A

visceral layer

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102
Q

serous membrane surrounding the lungs and includes the visceral and parietal pleura

A

pleura membrane

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103
Q

serous membrane that surrounds the he art and includes the visceral and parietal layer of the serous membrane

A

pericardium

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104
Q

connective tissue which secures the heart to the surrounding structures (not serous membrane)

A

Fibrous pericardium

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105
Q

serous membrane of the abdominal cavity which also includes the visceral and parietal peritoneum

A

peritoneum membrane

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106
Q

fluid secreted by the blood vessels located within the serous membrane

A

serous fluid

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107
Q

the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura which normally contains about 10ml of pleural fluid

A

pleural spaces

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108
Q

the potential space between the visceral and parietal layer of the serous membrane which normally contains 15-50ml of pericardia fluid

A

pericardial sac

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109
Q

the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum which normally doesn’t contain fluid

A

peritoneal cavity

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110
Q

pathological accumulation of fluid in body cavities

A

effusion

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111
Q

medical removal of excess fluid

A

thoracentesis

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112
Q

removal of fluid from the pericardium

A

pericardiocentesis

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113
Q

removal of fluid from peritoneal cavity

A

ascites (paracentesis)

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114
Q

the study of body structure and the relationships among the strucutures

A

anatomy

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115
Q

the study of how body structures function

A

physiology

116
Q

smallest unit of matter

A

atoms

117
Q

two or more atoms joined together (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

A

molecules

118
Q

basic unit of life that all organisms are made of

A

cells

119
Q

a group of specialized cells that perform a specific function

A

tissues

120
Q

structures formed from two or more tissues that have specific functions

A

organs

121
Q

groups of related organs that have a common function

A

systems

122
Q

a living thing that has a collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems and carry out specific life processes

A

organism

123
Q

skin, sweat/oil glands, hair, and nails

A

integumentary system

124
Q

what are the three functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. protects the body
  2. eliminates some wastes
  3. Vitamin D production
125
Q

bones, joints, and cartilage

A

skeletal system

126
Q

what are the three functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. supports/protects the body
  2. blood cell production
  3. stores minerals and lipids
127
Q

skeletal muscles

A

muscular system

128
Q

what are the three functions of the muscular system?

A
  1. body movement
  2. stabilizes posture
  3. generates heat
129
Q

CNS and PNS

A

Nervous System

130
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Detects, interprets, and responds to internal/external body changes

131
Q

Hormone producing glands

A

Endocrine System

132
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

regulates body activity through hormones

133
Q

What are the three endocrine glands in the brain?

A

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland

134
Q

bowtie-shaped endocrine gland in the neck

A

thyroid gland

135
Q

4 pea-sized endocrine glands located in the posterior of the thyroid gland which secrete PTH

A

Parathyroid glands

136
Q

kidney “party hats”/flat, triangular endocrine glands superior to the kidneys

A

Adrenal Glands

137
Q

the part of the pancreas that belongs to the endocrine system and secretes hormones into the blood stream

A

“endocrine” pancreas

138
Q

testes and ovaries

A

gonads

139
Q

he art, blood, and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular system

140
Q

what are the three functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Transports O2 and CO2
  2. regulates acid-base balance, temp., and H2O content of body fluids
  3. defends against infection and hemorrhage
141
Q

spleen, thymus, red bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils

A

Lymphatic (immune) system

142
Q

what are the three functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. protect against infectious disease
  2. returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
  3. transports lipids from G1 tract to the blood
143
Q

lungs and airways

A

Respiratory System

144
Q

what are the three functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. facilitates gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
  2. regulates acid-base of body fluids
  3. sound production
145
Q

GI tract and digestive organs

A

Digestive System

146
Q

What are the three functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. physical and chemical breakdown of food
  2. absorbs nutrients
  3. eliminates solid wastes
147
Q

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

A

Gastrointestinal Tract

148
Q

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

A

Accessory digestive organs

149
Q

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

A

urinary system

150
Q

What are the three functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. produces, stores, and eliminates urine
  2. regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
  3. regulates RBC production
151
Q

gonads and associated structures

A

Reproductive System

152
Q

What are the three functions of the reproductive system

A
  1. produce, store, and release gametes
  2. release hormones for milk production/other body processes
  3. mammary glands produce milk
153
Q

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

A

female reproductive system

154
Q

testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis

A

male reproductive system

155
Q

metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

A

life processes

156
Q

all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism

A

metabolism

157
Q

the ability to detect and respond to external/internal changes to maintain homeostasis

A

responsiveness

158
Q

motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

A

movement

159
Q

increase in size and complexity

A

growth

160
Q

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

A

differentiation

161
Q

the formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement, or the production of a new individual

A

reproduction

162
Q

the equilibrium of the body’s internal environment, regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems

A

homeostasis

163
Q

a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, and so on – contains a receptor, control center, and effector

A

feedback system

164
Q

a disruption that changes a controlled condition

A

stimulus

165
Q

monitors change and sends input

A

receptor

166
Q

sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

A

control center

167
Q

receives output from the control center and produces a response to change the controlled condition

A

effector

168
Q

reverses the original stimulus
body temp, blood pressure, erythropoiesis, blood sugar

A

negative feedback system

169
Q

reinforces the original stimulus
childbirth, propagation of an action potential

A

positive feedback system

170
Q

subjective changes to body functions (headache, nausea)

A

symptoms

171
Q

objective changes (fever, rash)

A

signs

172
Q

illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

A

disease

173
Q

a disease that is confined to one area of the body

A

localized disease

174
Q

a disease that affects either the entire body or several parts

A

systemic disease

175
Q

fluid within cells

A

ICF (intracellular fluid)

176
Q

fluid outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial fluids

A

ECF (extracellular fluid)

177
Q

fluid between cells; “internal environment”; majority of ECF

A

Interstitial Fluid

178
Q

fluid within blood vessels (blood plasma)

A

Intravascular Fluid

179
Q

Small portions of fluids located in specific fluid compartments

A

other fluids

180
Q

what are the five specific other fluids?

A
  1. GI and urinary tracts
  2. eyebals
  3. ears (semicircular canal)
  4. brain ventricles
  5. placenta
181
Q

loss of ECF into space that does not contribute to equilibrium

A

Third-Spacing

182
Q

What are the four types of third-spacing?

A
  1. pleural effusions
  2. ascites
  3. extensive tissue swelling
  4. cerebral edema
183
Q

study of tissues

A

Histology

184
Q

specialist in the study of disease, tissues, and cells

A

pathologist

185
Q

microscopic examination of living tissue

A

biopsies

186
Q

tissue that covers the outside of the body, lines organs, cavities, ducts, and forms glands.

A

Epithelial Tissue

187
Q

tissue that protects and supports the body and organs, binds organs together, stores energy (fat), and provides immunity. Most abundant in the body and is innervated and vascular.

A

Connective Tissue

188
Q

tissue that generates force and is responsible for movement

A

Muscle Tissue

189
Q

Tissue that initiates and transmits action potentials and helps coordinate body activities

A

Nervous Tissue

190
Q

Points of connection between adjacent cell membranes

A

Cell Junctions

191
Q

fluid-tight seals between cells

A

Tight Junctions

192
Q

“spot welds”/ uses actin to anchor neighboring cells together

A

adherens junctions

193
Q

similar to adherens junctions but with a different protein

A

desmosomes

194
Q

“half-desmosomes” anchor cells to the basal lamina

A

hemidesmosome

195
Q

channel junctions that allow fluids, ions, and molecules to pass from cell to cell. Often found in cardiac tissue because of rapid communication abilities

A

gap junctions

196
Q

free surface of the cell that faces towards the lumen or outside world

A

apical surface

197
Q

the side of the cell which faces adjacent cells

A

lateral surface

198
Q

the bottom of the cell which faces the basal lamina of the basement membrane

A

basal surface

199
Q

single layer of cells

A

simple epithelium

200
Q

more than one layer of cells

A

stratified epithelium

201
Q

a thin fibrous, non-cellular structure which binds the epithelium to the underlying CT

A

basement membrane

202
Q

part of the basement membrane which connects to the basal surface of the cell

A

basal lamina

203
Q

has a nerve supply

A

innervated

204
Q

without a direct blood supply

A

avascular

205
Q

single layer of flattened cells

A

simple squamous epithelium

206
Q

what are the functions of simple squamous epithelium

A

diffusion, filtration, osmosis

207
Q

the simple squamous epithelium lining the inner surface of the he art and all blood vessels

A

Endothelium

208
Q

the epithelial portion of serous membranes

A

mesothelium

209
Q

single layer of cube shaped cells

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

210
Q

what are the functions of the simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

secretion and absorption

211
Q

Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

kidney tubules, ducts of glands

212
Q

a single layer of rectangular cells. Can be ciliated or contain microvilli

A

simple columnar epithelium

213
Q

what are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

secretion and absorption

214
Q

epithelium located in the upper respiratory tract or fallopian tubes

A

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

215
Q

projections that increase the cell’s surface area/ “brush boarder”. Generally found in the small intestine

A

Microvilli

216
Q

all cells rest on a basement membrane though it has a stratified appearance

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

217
Q

where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

upper airways of respiratory tract

218
Q

most common stratified epithelium and is named for the apical layer. No intercellular spaces and often found in high friction areas. Can be keratinized

A

stratified squamous epithelium

219
Q

stratified epithelium that can stretch

A

transitional epithelium

220
Q

where can you find transitional epithelium?

A

urinary bladder

221
Q

specialized epithelial cells that secrete bodily products such as mucus and hormones and can be endocrine or exocrine and are deep in the surface epithelia

A

glandular epithelial cells

222
Q

secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

223
Q

secrete mucus, perspiration, oi, cerumen, milk, etc,. to the outside world/lumens

A

exocrine glands

224
Q

fibers + cells

A

ground substance

225
Q

immature cells that create the matrix

A

-blasts

226
Q

mature cells that can no longer grow or destroy

A

-cytes

227
Q

most common CT cells which produce collage fibers

A

Fibroblasts

228
Q

“non-cell” portion of CT and prevents tissue from touching each other as well as determines the tissues qualities and can be solid, fluid, or jelly-like

A

ECM (extracellular matrix)

229
Q

collagen, elastic, reticular

A

Fibers

230
Q

most abundant CT fiber. Consists of collage type 1 and provides strength and flexibility

A

Collagen Fibers

231
Q

flexible and “stretchy” fibers that add elasticity to tissue

A

elastic fibers

232
Q

the stroma for different organs and key components of the basement membrane, made of collage type 111. Strength and support

A

reticular fibers

233
Q

chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine

A

molecules in ground substance

234
Q

compact/spongy bone cells

A

osteoblasts/cytes

235
Q

cartilage cells

A

chondroblasts/cytes

236
Q

adipose cells

A

adipocytes

237
Q

slow healing CT due to being avascular and not innervated

A

cartilage and tendons

238
Q

CT with lots of cells and ground substance and few fibers which are loosely arranged

A

Loose CT

239
Q

most abundant CT which consists of all three types of fibers and is part of the subcutaneous layer

A

areolar CT

240
Q

body fat/triglyceride storage. Deposits lie under the skin, around viscera, in yellow bone marrow, and breast tissue

A

adipose tissue

241
Q

what is the function of adipose tissue

A

insulation, padding, energy reserve

242
Q

interlacing fibers which provides a stroma for many organs and part of the basement membrane

A

reticular CT

243
Q

CT with more thick fibers and less cells

A

Dense CT

244
Q

CT with bundles of collagen fibers arranged in an orderly and parallel fashion in one direction for strength

A

Dense Regular CT

245
Q

Where can you find Dense Regular CT

A

Tendons and ligaments

246
Q

sheet-like tendons

A

aponeuroses

247
Q

CT with irregularly arranged collagen fibers which is often arranged in sheets

A

Dense Irregular CT

248
Q

Where can you find dense irregular CT?

A

dermis, periosteum, ♡ valves, fibrous pericardium

249
Q

CT containing elastic fibers which allows for recoil

A

Elastic CT

250
Q

Where can you find elastic CT

A

lungs, aorta walls, arteries

251
Q

dense network of fibers (collagen or elastic) in chondroitin sulfate (providing elasticity) ground substance

A

cartilage

252
Q

most abundant and weakest cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

253
Q

where can you find hyaline cartilage

A

costal cartilage, joints

254
Q

strongest cartilage

A

fibrocartilage

255
Q

where can you find fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs

256
Q

cartilage which is resilient and can maintain it’s shape while also being flexible

A

elastic cartilage

257
Q

where can you find elastic cartilage

A

outer ear, nose

258
Q

osteocytes and ECM which can be either compact or spongy

A

bone tissue

259
Q

what does bone tissue store?

A

CA, P, red and yellow bone marroq

260
Q

bone organized in osteons

A

spongy bone

261
Q

CT which can transport different things throughout the body

A

Liquid CT

262
Q

liquid CT consisting of RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and plasma

A

Blood

263
Q

liquid CT consisting of WBCS and a clear matrix and flows through the lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph

264
Q

membranes that cover cavities that open to the exterior. It is epithelial and tightly packed together. Secretes mucous

A

Mucosa

265
Q

Where can you find mucosa membranes?

A

digestive, respiratory, reproductive systems

266
Q

membranes that line cavities that do not open to the exterior and also surround internal viscera. Contains a parietal and visceral layer

A

Serosa

267
Q

many layers of epithelial cells which covers the entire body. Offers protection, houses sensory receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, and regulates temp

A

Cutaneous membrane

268
Q

the epithelial layer of skin

A

epidermis

269
Q

the CT layer of skin

A

Dermis

270
Q

membranes that lines joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths and consist only of CT. They secret fluid for lubrication and act also for immunity

A

synovial membrane

271
Q

immunity cells in the synovial fluid

A

macrophages

272
Q

three layers of CT protective membranes which cover the brain and spinal cord

A

meningeal membranes

273
Q

“tough mother”, outer meningeal layer

A

dura mater

274
Q

“soft mother”, meningeal membrane adjacent to the brain

A

pia mater

275
Q

what are the four muscle tissue properties?

A
  1. excitability
  2. contractility
  3. extensibility
  4. elasticity
276
Q

ability to respond to stimuli by producing action potentials

A

excitability

277
Q

ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

A

contractility

278
Q

ability to be stretched or extended

A

extensibility

279
Q

ability to return to original shape after being stretched without damage

A

elasticity

280
Q

long, cylindrical muscle cells with several nuclei per cell. Arranged in sarcomeres with a striated appearance with the ability to regenerate

A

skeletal muscle

281
Q

muscle tissue found only in the he art, arranged in sarcomeres with a striated appearance but with only 1 nucleus per cell. Branching pattern containing intercalated discs with gap junctions. Contains more mitochondria as well

A

cardiac muscle

282
Q

another name for a muscle cell

A

myocyte

283
Q

the connections between adjacent cardiac muscle fibers which contains gap junctions for rapid ion exchange

A

intercalated discs

284
Q

muscle tissue found in blood vessels and hollow viscera with a spindled, none-striated appearance and once nuclei per cell. Can be single or multi-united

A

smooth muscle

285
Q

smooth muscle cells with gap junctions, behaving like a single unit (like caridac)_

A

sing

PT Elements (43 decks)

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