A&P Exam 1 Flashcards
head
cephalic
Skull
cranial
Face
Facial
Neck
Cervical
Armpit
Axillary
Arm
Brachial
Front of Elbow
Antecubital
Forearm
antebrachial
wrist
carpal
palm
palmar/volar
Fingers
Digital/Phalangeal
Thigh
Femoral
Anterior surface of knee
patellar
Leg
Crural
Foot
Pedal
Ankle
Tarsal
Toes
Digital/Phalangeal
Body
Trunk
Chest
Thoracic
Abdomen
Abdominal
Pelvis
Pelvic
Forehead
Frontal
Temple
Temporal
Eye
Orbital/Ocular
Ear
Otic
Cheek
Buccal
Nose
Nasal
Mouth
Oral
Chin
Mental
Breastbone
Sternal
Breast
Mammary
Navel
Umbilical
Hip
Coxal
Groin
Inguinal
Thumb
Pollex
Hand
Manual
Pubis
Pubic
Top of foot
Dorsum
Great Toe
Hallux
Base of Skull
Occipital
Shoulder Blade
Scapula
Spinal Column
Vertebral
Back of Elbow
Olecranal/Cubital
Between Hips
Sacral
Buttock
Gluteal
Region between anus and external genitals
Perineal
Hollow behind knee
Popliteal
Sole
Plantar
Back
Dorsal
Loin
Lumbar
Full Arm
Upper Limb
Back of Hand
Dorsum
Full Leg
Lower Limb
Heel
Calcaneal
Epigastric Region
Upper middle portion of the trunk
Umbilical Region
Central middle portion of the trunk
Pubic Region
Lower middle portion of the trunk
RUQ
Right Upper Quadrant
LUQ
Left Upper Quadrant
RLQ
Right Lower Quadrant
LLQ
Left Lower Quadrant
To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of hands turned forward
Anatomical Position
lying face down
prone position
lying face up
supine position
front of the body
Anterior(ventral)
back of the body
posterior(dorsal)
toward the head/higher up
superior
lower on the body/farther from the head
inferior
toward the midline
medial
away from the midline
lateral
closer to the point of attachment
proximal
farther from the trunk of the body/point of attachment
Distal
closer to the head
cephalad
toward the tail/farther from the head
Caudal
near the surface/external
superficial
away from the body surface; internal
deep
imaginary flat surfaces that divides the body or an organ into sections
planes
a plane that divides the body into right and left sections
sagittal
the plane dividing the body into equal right and left sections
midsagittal
divides the body into unequal right and left sections
parasagittal
divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
frontal(coronal)
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Transverse (Cross-Sectional/Horizontal)
section divides the body or organ into diagonal parts
Oblique (Diagonal)
a slice of the body or organ made alone one of the planes and is named from the plane of the cut
Section
The cavity that contains the brain, formed by the cranial bones
Cranial Cavity
The cavity that contains the spinal cord, created by the vertebral column
Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity
three layers of protective tissue which lines the cranial and vertebral cavities
meninges
inflammation of the meninges
meningitis
the chest cavity which also houses the mediastinum and pleural cavities
thoracic cavity
the space between the lungs which contains all the viscera of the thoracic cavity besides the lungs, including the pericardial cavity
mediastinum
the cavity that surrounds the heart
pericardial cavity
the cavities which contain the lungs
pleural cavities
the dividing landmark between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
diaphragm
contains both the pelvic and abdominal cavities
abdominopelvic cavity
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
abdominal cavity
contains some of the large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
pelvic cavity
contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
dorsal body cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Ventral Body Cavity
Thin sheets of tissues that line body cavities and organs within the trunk
serous membranes
the layer of serous membranes that lines the walls of the cavities
parietal layer
the layer of serous membrane that adheres to the viscera
visceral layer
serous membrane surrounding the lungs and includes the visceral and parietal pleura
pleura membrane
serous membrane that surrounds the he art and includes the visceral and parietal layer of the serous membrane
pericardium
connective tissue which secures the heart to the surrounding structures (not serous membrane)
Fibrous pericardium
serous membrane of the abdominal cavity which also includes the visceral and parietal peritoneum
peritoneum membrane
fluid secreted by the blood vessels located within the serous membrane
serous fluid
the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura which normally contains about 10ml of pleural fluid
pleural spaces
the potential space between the visceral and parietal layer of the serous membrane which normally contains 15-50ml of pericardia fluid
pericardial sac
the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum which normally doesn’t contain fluid
peritoneal cavity
pathological accumulation of fluid in body cavities
effusion
medical removal of excess fluid
thoracentesis
removal of fluid from the pericardium
pericardiocentesis
removal of fluid from peritoneal cavity
ascites (paracentesis)
the study of body structure and the relationships among the strucutures
anatomy
the study of how body structures function
physiology
smallest unit of matter
atoms
two or more atoms joined together (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
molecules
basic unit of life that all organisms are made of
cells
a group of specialized cells that perform a specific function
tissues
structures formed from two or more tissues that have specific functions
organs
groups of related organs that have a common function
systems
a living thing that has a collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems and carry out specific life processes
organism
skin, sweat/oil glands, hair, and nails
integumentary system
what are the three functions of the integumentary system
- protects the body
- eliminates some wastes
- Vitamin D production
bones, joints, and cartilage
skeletal system
what are the three functions of the skeletal system?
- supports/protects the body
- blood cell production
- stores minerals and lipids
skeletal muscles
muscular system
what are the three functions of the muscular system?
- body movement
- stabilizes posture
- generates heat
CNS and PNS
Nervous System
What is the function of the nervous system?
Detects, interprets, and responds to internal/external body changes
Hormone producing glands
Endocrine System
What is the function of the endocrine system?
regulates body activity through hormones
What are the three endocrine glands in the brain?
Pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland
bowtie-shaped endocrine gland in the neck
thyroid gland
4 pea-sized endocrine glands located in the posterior of the thyroid gland which secrete PTH
Parathyroid glands
kidney “party hats”/flat, triangular endocrine glands superior to the kidneys
Adrenal Glands
the part of the pancreas that belongs to the endocrine system and secretes hormones into the blood stream
“endocrine” pancreas
testes and ovaries
gonads
he art, blood, and blood vessels
cardiovascular system
what are the three functions of the cardiovascular system?
- Transports O2 and CO2
- regulates acid-base balance, temp., and H2O content of body fluids
- defends against infection and hemorrhage
spleen, thymus, red bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils
Lymphatic (immune) system
what are the three functions of the lymphatic system
- protect against infectious disease
- returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
- transports lipids from G1 tract to the blood
lungs and airways
Respiratory System
what are the three functions of the respiratory system
- facilitates gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
- regulates acid-base of body fluids
- sound production
GI tract and digestive organs
Digestive System
What are the three functions of the digestive system?
- physical and chemical breakdown of food
- absorbs nutrients
- eliminates solid wastes
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
Gastrointestinal Tract
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Accessory digestive organs
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
urinary system
What are the three functions of the urinary system?
- produces, stores, and eliminates urine
- regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
- regulates RBC production
gonads and associated structures
Reproductive System
What are the three functions of the reproductive system
- produce, store, and release gametes
- release hormones for milk production/other body processes
- mammary glands produce milk
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
female reproductive system
testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis
male reproductive system
metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
life processes
all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism
metabolism
the ability to detect and respond to external/internal changes to maintain homeostasis
responsiveness
motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
movement
increase in size and complexity
growth
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
differentiation
the formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement, or the production of a new individual
reproduction
the equilibrium of the body’s internal environment, regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems
homeostasis
a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, and so on – contains a receptor, control center, and effector
feedback system
a disruption that changes a controlled condition
stimulus
monitors change and sends input
receptor
sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
control center
receives output from the control center and produces a response to change the controlled condition
effector
reverses the original stimulus
body temp, blood pressure, erythropoiesis, blood sugar
negative feedback system
reinforces the original stimulus
childbirth, propagation of an action potential
positive feedback system
subjective changes to body functions (headache, nausea)
symptoms
objective changes (fever, rash)
signs
illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
disease
a disease that is confined to one area of the body
localized disease
a disease that affects either the entire body or several parts
systemic disease
fluid within cells
ICF (intracellular fluid)
fluid outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial fluids
ECF (extracellular fluid)
fluid between cells; “internal environment”; majority of ECF
Interstitial Fluid
fluid within blood vessels (blood plasma)
Intravascular Fluid
Small portions of fluids located in specific fluid compartments
other fluids
what are the five specific other fluids?
- GI and urinary tracts
- eyebals
- ears (semicircular canal)
- brain ventricles
- placenta
loss of ECF into space that does not contribute to equilibrium
Third-Spacing
What are the four types of third-spacing?
- pleural effusions
- ascites
- extensive tissue swelling
- cerebral edema
study of tissues
Histology
specialist in the study of disease, tissues, and cells
pathologist
microscopic examination of living tissue
biopsies
tissue that covers the outside of the body, lines organs, cavities, ducts, and forms glands.
Epithelial Tissue
tissue that protects and supports the body and organs, binds organs together, stores energy (fat), and provides immunity. Most abundant in the body and is innervated and vascular.
Connective Tissue
tissue that generates force and is responsible for movement
Muscle Tissue
Tissue that initiates and transmits action potentials and helps coordinate body activities
Nervous Tissue
Points of connection between adjacent cell membranes
Cell Junctions
fluid-tight seals between cells
Tight Junctions
“spot welds”/ uses actin to anchor neighboring cells together
adherens junctions
similar to adherens junctions but with a different protein
desmosomes
“half-desmosomes” anchor cells to the basal lamina
hemidesmosome
channel junctions that allow fluids, ions, and molecules to pass from cell to cell. Often found in cardiac tissue because of rapid communication abilities
gap junctions
free surface of the cell that faces towards the lumen or outside world
apical surface
the side of the cell which faces adjacent cells
lateral surface
the bottom of the cell which faces the basal lamina of the basement membrane
basal surface
single layer of cells
simple epithelium
more than one layer of cells
stratified epithelium
a thin fibrous, non-cellular structure which binds the epithelium to the underlying CT
basement membrane
part of the basement membrane which connects to the basal surface of the cell
basal lamina
has a nerve supply
innervated
without a direct blood supply
avascular
single layer of flattened cells
simple squamous epithelium
what are the functions of simple squamous epithelium
diffusion, filtration, osmosis
the simple squamous epithelium lining the inner surface of the he art and all blood vessels
Endothelium
the epithelial portion of serous membranes
mesothelium
single layer of cube shaped cells
simple cuboidal epithelium
what are the functions of the simple cuboidal epithelium?
secretion and absorption
Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
kidney tubules, ducts of glands
a single layer of rectangular cells. Can be ciliated or contain microvilli
simple columnar epithelium
what are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?
secretion and absorption
epithelium located in the upper respiratory tract or fallopian tubes
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
projections that increase the cell’s surface area/ “brush boarder”. Generally found in the small intestine
Microvilli
all cells rest on a basement membrane though it has a stratified appearance
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
upper airways of respiratory tract
most common stratified epithelium and is named for the apical layer. No intercellular spaces and often found in high friction areas. Can be keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium
stratified epithelium that can stretch
transitional epithelium
where can you find transitional epithelium?
urinary bladder
specialized epithelial cells that secrete bodily products such as mucus and hormones and can be endocrine or exocrine and are deep in the surface epithelia
glandular epithelial cells
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
secrete mucus, perspiration, oi, cerumen, milk, etc,. to the outside world/lumens
exocrine glands
fibers + cells
ground substance
immature cells that create the matrix
-blasts
mature cells that can no longer grow or destroy
-cytes
most common CT cells which produce collage fibers
Fibroblasts
“non-cell” portion of CT and prevents tissue from touching each other as well as determines the tissues qualities and can be solid, fluid, or jelly-like
ECM (extracellular matrix)
collagen, elastic, reticular
Fibers
most abundant CT fiber. Consists of collage type 1 and provides strength and flexibility
Collagen Fibers
flexible and “stretchy” fibers that add elasticity to tissue
elastic fibers
the stroma for different organs and key components of the basement membrane, made of collage type 111. Strength and support
reticular fibers
chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine
molecules in ground substance
compact/spongy bone cells
osteoblasts/cytes
cartilage cells
chondroblasts/cytes
adipose cells
adipocytes
slow healing CT due to being avascular and not innervated
cartilage and tendons
CT with lots of cells and ground substance and few fibers which are loosely arranged
Loose CT
most abundant CT which consists of all three types of fibers and is part of the subcutaneous layer
areolar CT
body fat/triglyceride storage. Deposits lie under the skin, around viscera, in yellow bone marrow, and breast tissue
adipose tissue
what is the function of adipose tissue
insulation, padding, energy reserve
interlacing fibers which provides a stroma for many organs and part of the basement membrane
reticular CT
CT with more thick fibers and less cells
Dense CT
CT with bundles of collagen fibers arranged in an orderly and parallel fashion in one direction for strength
Dense Regular CT
Where can you find Dense Regular CT
Tendons and ligaments
sheet-like tendons
aponeuroses
CT with irregularly arranged collagen fibers which is often arranged in sheets
Dense Irregular CT
Where can you find dense irregular CT?
dermis, periosteum, ♡ valves, fibrous pericardium
CT containing elastic fibers which allows for recoil
Elastic CT
Where can you find elastic CT
lungs, aorta walls, arteries
dense network of fibers (collagen or elastic) in chondroitin sulfate (providing elasticity) ground substance
cartilage
most abundant and weakest cartilage
hyaline cartilage
where can you find hyaline cartilage
costal cartilage, joints
strongest cartilage
fibrocartilage
where can you find fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs
cartilage which is resilient and can maintain it’s shape while also being flexible
elastic cartilage
where can you find elastic cartilage
outer ear, nose
osteocytes and ECM which can be either compact or spongy
bone tissue
what does bone tissue store?
CA, P, red and yellow bone marroq
bone organized in osteons
spongy bone
CT which can transport different things throughout the body
Liquid CT
liquid CT consisting of RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and plasma
Blood
liquid CT consisting of WBCS and a clear matrix and flows through the lymphatic vessels
Lymph
membranes that cover cavities that open to the exterior. It is epithelial and tightly packed together. Secretes mucous
Mucosa
Where can you find mucosa membranes?
digestive, respiratory, reproductive systems
membranes that line cavities that do not open to the exterior and also surround internal viscera. Contains a parietal and visceral layer
Serosa
many layers of epithelial cells which covers the entire body. Offers protection, houses sensory receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, and regulates temp
Cutaneous membrane
the epithelial layer of skin
epidermis
the CT layer of skin
Dermis
membranes that lines joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths and consist only of CT. They secret fluid for lubrication and act also for immunity
synovial membrane
immunity cells in the synovial fluid
macrophages
three layers of CT protective membranes which cover the brain and spinal cord
meningeal membranes
“tough mother”, outer meningeal layer
dura mater
“soft mother”, meningeal membrane adjacent to the brain
pia mater
what are the four muscle tissue properties?
- excitability
- contractility
- extensibility
- elasticity
ability to respond to stimuli by producing action potentials
excitability
ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
contractility
ability to be stretched or extended
extensibility
ability to return to original shape after being stretched without damage
elasticity
long, cylindrical muscle cells with several nuclei per cell. Arranged in sarcomeres with a striated appearance with the ability to regenerate
skeletal muscle
muscle tissue found only in the he art, arranged in sarcomeres with a striated appearance but with only 1 nucleus per cell. Branching pattern containing intercalated discs with gap junctions. Contains more mitochondria as well
cardiac muscle
another name for a muscle cell
myocyte
the connections between adjacent cardiac muscle fibers which contains gap junctions for rapid ion exchange
intercalated discs
muscle tissue found in blood vessels and hollow viscera with a spindled, none-striated appearance and once nuclei per cell. Can be single or multi-united
smooth muscle
smooth muscle cells with gap junctions, behaving like a single unit (like caridac)_
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