Chapter 3 Flashcards
the study of brain activity linked with our mental processes
cognitive neuroscience
awareness focuses on only a particular stimulus
selective attention
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
inattentional blindness
failing to notice changes in the environment
change blindness
the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
dual processing
a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
blindsight
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions
parallel processing
periodic, natural loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
sleep
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
circadian
rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
REM sleep
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
alpha waves
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
hallucinations
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
delta waves
a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness
suprachiasmatic nucleus
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
insomnia
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
night terrors
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
dream
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)
manifest content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)
latent content
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
REM rebound
theory that dreams preserve sleep and provide a ‘psychic safety valve’ – expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content (a hidden meaning)
Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment
Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories
Information-Processing
Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
Physiological Function
REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories
Neural activation
dream content reflects dreamers’ level of cognitive development – their knowledge and understanding. Dreams simulate our lives, including worst-case scenarios.
Does not propose an adaptive function of dreams
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
psychoactive drug
continue substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
substance use disorder
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect
tolerance
compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences
addiction
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior
withdrawal
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
depressants
aka alcoholism, alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use
alcohol use disorder
drugs that central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
barbiturates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
opiates
drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
stimulants
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes
amphetamines
a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
nicotine
a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria
cocaine
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
methamphetamine
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition
Ecstasy(MDMA)
psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
hallucinogens
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
near-death experience
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid
LSD
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
THC
Is alcohol a stimulant or depressant?
Depressant
Is heroin a stimulant or depressant?
Depressant
Is caffeine a stimulant or depressant?
Stimulant
Is nicotine a stimulant or depressant?
Stimulant
Is cocaine a stimulant or depressant?
Stimulant
Is methamphetamine a stimulant or depressant?
Stimulant
Ecstasy(MDMA) a stimulant or depressant
stimulant; mild hallucinogen
LSD is a stimulant or depressant or hallucinogen
hallucinogen
Marijuana is a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
mild hallucinogen
