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PT Elements > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of brain activity linked with our mental processes

A

cognitive neuroscience

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2
Q

awareness focuses on only a particular stimulus

A

selective attention

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3
Q

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

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4
Q

failing to notice changes in the environment

A

change blindness

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5
Q

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

A

dual processing

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6
Q

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

A

blindsight

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7
Q

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions

A

parallel processing

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8
Q

periodic, natural loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

A

sleep

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9
Q

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

A

circadian

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10
Q

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

A

REM sleep

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11
Q

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

A

alpha waves

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12
Q

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

A

hallucinations

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13
Q

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

A

delta waves

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14
Q

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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15
Q

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

A

insomnia

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16
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

A

narcolepsy

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17
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

A

sleep apnea

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18
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

A

night terrors

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19
Q

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

A

dream

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20
Q

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

A

manifest content

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21
Q

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

A

latent content

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22
Q

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

A

REM rebound

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23
Q

theory that dreams preserve sleep and provide a ‘psychic safety valve’ – expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content (a hidden meaning)

A

Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment

24
Q

Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

A

Information-Processing

25
Q

Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

A

Physiological Function

26
Q

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

A

Neural activation

27
Q

dream content reflects dreamers’ level of cognitive development – their knowledge and understanding. Dreams simulate our lives, including worst-case scenarios.

A

Does not propose an adaptive function of dreams

28
Q

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

A

psychoactive drug

29
Q

continue substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

A

substance use disorder

30
Q

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

A

tolerance

31
Q

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences

A

addiction

32
Q

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

A

withdrawal

33
Q

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

A

depressants

34
Q

aka alcoholism, alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

A

alcohol use disorder

35
Q

drugs that central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

A

barbiturates

36
Q

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

A

opiates

37
Q

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

A

stimulants

38
Q

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

A

amphetamines

39
Q

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

A

nicotine

40
Q

a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

A

cocaine

41
Q

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

A

methamphetamine

42
Q

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

A

Ecstasy(MDMA)

43
Q

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

A

hallucinogens

44
Q

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

A

near-death experience

45
Q

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid

A

LSD

46
Q

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

A

THC

47
Q

Is alcohol a stimulant or depressant?

A

Depressant

48
Q

Is heroin a stimulant or depressant?

A

Depressant

49
Q

Is caffeine a stimulant or depressant?

A

Stimulant

50
Q

Is nicotine a stimulant or depressant?

A

Stimulant

51
Q

Is cocaine a stimulant or depressant?

A

Stimulant

52
Q

Is methamphetamine a stimulant or depressant?

A

Stimulant

53
Q

Ecstasy(MDMA) a stimulant or depressant

A

stimulant; mild hallucinogen

54
Q

LSD is a stimulant or depressant or hallucinogen

A

hallucinogen

55
Q

Marijuana is a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

A

mild hallucinogen

PT Elements (43 decks)

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