Nursing Exam 2 Flashcards
what is the cerebrum responsible for?
a person’s mental status
what is the cerebral cortex responsible for?
perception and behavior
what is the frontal lobe responsible for?
SHORT term memory, expression of emotion, decision-making and problem-solving
what is parietal lobe responsible for?
sensory data
what is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Sounds and LONG term memory
What is the limbic system responsible for?
survival behaviors and emotions
what is the reticular activating system or RAS responsible for?
Awareness and arousal
What are some examples of Present Illness?
Change of behavior, anxiety, depression
What are some examples of past medical history?
neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, medication use
What is there to know about the MMSE or Mini-Mental State Examination?
you can score up to 31 and if you score 21 or less it warrants further evaluation
What does GCS stand for?
Glascow Coma Scale
What categories are under level of consciousness?
Alert and Oriented
What four things should a person to know to be considered oriented?
person, place, time, situation
What should you take into account when looking at a patient’s behavior and appearance?
mood, hygiene, body language
What should you be looking for when you look at a patient’s language?
Normal, expected; Aphasia
What is Sensory Aphasia?
Receptive
What is Motor Aphasia?
Expressive
What should you take into account when looking at a patient’s recent memory?
Short term, naming unrelated object, recalling 3 words or series of numbers
What should you be looking for when checking a patient’s remote memory?
long term, recalling mother’s maiden name, an event in history, birthday
What are some characteristics of delirium?
acute, sudden-short development, medical condition link, impairs consciousness, potentially reversible
What are some characteristics of dementia?
Chronic, insidious-progressive, structural brain disease, impairs judgement, memory, through patterns
What are the 12 Cranial Nerves?
Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Auditory, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal Accessory, Hypoglossal
What is the function of the olfactory nerve?
smell
what is the function of the optic, oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens?
eye movement and visual acuity
what is the function of the facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves?
taste
What is the function of the auditory cranial nerve?
hearing
What is the function of the vagus nerve?
parasympathetic innervation
what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?
movement of the tongue
what five things do you test for sensory function?
- Pain
- Temperature
- Position
- Vibration
- Touch
What five things do you test for cerebellar function?
Coordination, Balance, Stereognosis, Graphesthesia, Proprioception
For Deep Tendon Reflexes, what does the grading look like?
0 - no response
1- sluggish
2 - active- NORMAL
3 - more brisk and hyperactive
4 - brisk and clonus
What does PERRLA mean?
pupils are equal, round, reactive to light and accomodation
what should pupils look like when examining?
they should be equal in size; 3-7 mm in diameter
What does BEFAST stand for?
Balance, Eyes, Facial drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time is brain!
varied inability to speak, interpret or understand language
aphasia
difficult or unclear articulation of speech
dysarthria
blindness of a visual field
hemianopia
without coordination; the loss of full control of body movements
ataxia
a clinical stroke assessment tool to evaluate and document neurological status in stroke patients
NIHSS
Inflammatory Response 4 Steps:
- Recognition
- Activation
- Release
- Recruitment
what is a localized inflammatory response?
only affects that area of the body
what is a systemic inflammatory response?
affects the entire body
interval from the time the pathogen enters the body until the appearance of signs and symptoms
incubation period
interval from onset of nonspecific s&s to more specific s&s; individual can spread disease before having s&s
prodromal stage
when a patient manifests symptoms of infection - when infection is considered severe
acute illness stage
signs and symptoms begin to disappear due to reduced number of infectious agentes
period of decline
return to state of health
period of convalescence
What are different types of testing for infection?
urinary; blood; throat swab; x-ray or MRI; ultrasound; wound swab; spinal tap
What is the chain of infection?
Pathogen, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Susceptible Host
What are ways to eliminate pathogens
- disinfecting
- sterilizing
- cleaning
- antimicrobial treatment
what are ways to eliminate reservoir spreading?
Hand hygeine, CHG bath prior to surgery, clean environment using proper chemicals and following protocols
What are some ways to eliminate portal of exit spreading?
- containing body fluids by using drains or dressings
- sterile technique
- masks - such as transporting infectious patient
what are some ways to eliminate modes of transmission?
- hand hygiene
- barrier devices depending on the infectious agent
- reduction of environmental factors to reduce vectors
what are some ways to eliminate portal of entry spreading?
- hand hygiene
- barrier devices depending on the infectious agent
- wounds covered
- proper coverage of IV/device
what are some ways to eliminate susceptible host?
immunizations, proper nutrition, supplements, hygiene, controlling blood sugar, exercise, stress reduction, intact skin
What type of disease spreader is Scabies?
contact
Staph aureus
contact
hepatitis
contact
C. diff
contact
MRSA
contact
VRE
contact
ESBLs
contact
Herpes zoster/Shingles
contact
COVID
contact/droplet/airborne
infleunza
droplet
pertussis(whooping cough)
droplet
adenovirus
droplet
norovirus
droplet
rhinovirus(common cold)
droplet
mumps
droplet
rubella
droplet
mycoplasma pneumoniae
droplet
SARS-CoV1
droplet
Tuberculosis
airborne
smallpox
airborne
chickenpox
airborne
rubeola
airborne
disseminated herpes zoster
airborne
what does HAI stand for?
hospital associated infection
What are characteristics of an HAI?
- often preventable
- increases length of stay
- increases expense
- increases potential for death
What are some common HAIs?
CAUTI, SSI, CLABSI, VAP
What does CAUTI stand for?
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection
What does SSI stand for?
surgical site infection
what does CLABSI stand for?
catheter line associated blood stream infection
what does VAP stand for?
ventilator assisted pneumonias
What does MRDOS stand for?
multidrug-resistant organisms
What is Active Immunity?
diseases causes immune system to produce antibodies; long-lasting
What is passive immunity?
individual is given antibodies vs producing on their own; short lived; protection is immediate
what is herd immunity?
large percentage of population is protected against a certain disease
If there is redness at the injection site of vaccine, what should you do?
cool compress for 24 hours, then warm or cold prn
Why would you have an anaphylactic reaction?
previous vaccine, components in vaccine
if an anaphylactic reaction occurred, what would you do?
secure and maintain airway, circulation, and prevent further exposure
What does VAERS stand for?
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
