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PT Elements > AP Exam 3 > Flashcards

AP Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the system responsible for controlling our behaviors, memories, and movements.
maintains homeostasis and health with the endocrine system

A

Gastrocnemius

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2
Q

a cluster of neuronal somas within the PNS

A

Ganglion

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3
Q

a bundle of axons within the CNS

A

Tract

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4
Q

gaps in the myelin sheath; essential for conduction of an AP

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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5
Q

axon hillock and initial segment of the axon

A

Trigger Zone

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6
Q

the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates

A

Axon Hillock

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7
Q

the brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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8
Q

neurons, nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors, enteric plexus, and other structures

A

PNS

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9
Q

afferent section of the PNS that includes somatosensory, special sensory, and visceral sensations

A

Sensory PNS

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10
Q

motor portion of the PNS that divides into the somatic and autonomic NS

A

Motor PNS

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11
Q

division of the Motor PNS which sends motor information from the CNS to voluntary (skeletal) muscles

A

Somatic NS

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12
Q

division of the Motor PNS which carries motor information from the CNS to involuntary (smooth and cardiac) muscles/glands; divided into three parts

A

Autonomic NS

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13
Q

a cluster of neuronal somas within the CNS

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

S-ANS

A

sympathetic divison of the ANS

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15
Q

P-ANS

A

parasympathetic division of the ANS

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16
Q

ENS

A

enteric nervous system (related to the GI tract)

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17
Q

three basic functions of the nervous system

A

sensation, integration, response

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18
Q

regions of the nervous system that deals with memories, emotional states, or cognition

A

integration/association areas

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19
Q

the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to an AP/impulse

A

Electrical Excitability

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20
Q

neurons with only one neuronal process emerging from the cell body; the soma sits alongside; axon appears to be divided into the peripheral and central processes

A

Unipolar

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21
Q

Neurons with two neuronal processes each extending from opposite sides of the soma. Special senses

A

Bipolar

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22
Q

neurons with multiple neuronal processes. Most common structural type of neuron

A

Multipolar

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23
Q

non excitable specialized tissue cells

A

Neuroglia

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24
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

support neurons, attach to blood vessels, produce myelin sheaths, carry out phagocytosis

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25
Q

What types of neuroglia are in the CNS?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

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26
Q

What types of neuroglia are in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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27
Q

brain tumor originating from the neuroglia; highly malignant

A

glioma

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28
Q

multilayered lipid and protein covering around the axon that electrically insulates it to increase the speed of the AP

A

Myelin Sheath

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29
Q

axons without a myelin sheath

A

Unmyelinated

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30
Q

cells that form the myelin sheath, beginning the process during fetal development; about 100 layers make up the myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells

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31
Q

the outer, nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells which encloses the myelin sheath

A

Neurolemma

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32
Q

tube formed by the neurolemma that aids in the regeneration of the axon; found only in the PNS

A

regeneration tube

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33
Q

form the myelin sheaths for CNS axons; no neurolemma, thus no regeneration

A

oligodendrocytes

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34
Q

composed of myelinated axons which acts as a highway for nerve impulses to be conducted to and from the brain

A

white matter

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35
Q

composed of unmyelinated parts of the nervous tissue such as the soma, dendrite, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia. receives and integrates incoming/outgoing information to perform reflexes

A

gray matter

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36
Q

what are the three spinal cord functions

A
  1. processing reflexes
  2. integrating information
  3. serves as pathways from sensory impulses to the brain and for motor impulses to travel from the brain to glands/muscles
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37
Q

what protects the spinal cord?

A

meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and vertebral column

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38
Q

CT membrane covering the spinal cord and brain; dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

A

Meninges

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39
Q

“tough mother”’ outermost meninges

A

Dura Mater

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40
Q

“Spider Mother”; middle meninges

A

Arachnoid Mother

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41
Q

“soft mother”; innermost meninges

A

Pia Mater

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42
Q

potential space between the dura mater and the skull

A

epidural space

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43
Q

potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

A

subdural space

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44
Q

space between the arachnoid and the pia mater which contains the CSF

A

subarachnoid space

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45
Q

part of the brain stem that continues into the spinal cord then into the conus medullaris; controls the vital reflexes plus swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccupping

A

medulla oblongata

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46
Q

the continuation of the pia mater from the consu medullaris. the inferior portion is anchored to the coccyx, thus the coccygeal ligament

A

filum terminal

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47
Q

the inferior portion of the filum terminal which is anchored to the coccyx

A

coccygeal ligament

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48
Q

two enlarged areas of the spinal cord that corresponds to nerves which extend into the upper and lower extremities

A

cervical and lumbar enlargements

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49
Q

a deep grove on the anterior side of the spinal cord, dividing the right and left halves

A

posterior median sulcus

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50
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

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51
Q

the points of attachment that connect a spinal nerve to the spinal cord

A

roots

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52
Q

contains sensory nerve fibers and conduct nerves impulses from the periphery to the spinal cord

A

posterior/dorsal root

53
Q

ganglion that contains the soma of sensory neurons

A

posterior root ganglion

54
Q

contains motor neuronal axons that conducts impulses from the spinal cord to the periphery; somas are located in the gray matter of the spinal cord

A

anterior/ventral root

55
Q

what does SAME DAVE stand for?

A

Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent
Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent

56
Q

shaped like the letter H and divided into horns which consists of neuronal somas and unmyelinated axons

A

gray matter in the spinal cord

57
Q

forms the crossbar of the H which is made up of gray matter

A

Gray Commissure

58
Q

the center of the gray commissure which runs the entire length of the spinal cord and contains CSF

A

Central Canal

59
Q

(ascending)conduct nerve impulses toward the brain; located in the posterior columns of white matter in the spinal cord

A

sensory tracts

60
Q

(descending) conduct impulses down the spinal cord; located in the anterior columns of white matter in the spinal cord

A

motor tracts

61
Q

located anteriorly to the gray commissure which connects the white matter on the right and left sides of the spinal cord

A

white commissure

62
Q

how many pairs of cervical nerves are there?

A

8

63
Q

how many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?

A

12

64
Q

how many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?

A

5

65
Q

how many pairs of sacral nerves are there?

A

5

66
Q

how many pairs of of coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1

67
Q

“horse’s tail”; surrounds the filum terminale at the end of the spinal cord

A

cauda equina

68
Q

a nerve that contains both sensory and motor axons

A

mixed nerve

69
Q

“braid”; networks where spinal nerves join. Includes the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses

A

Plexuses

70
Q

the phrenic nerve; C1-C5; nerve supply to the head, beck, and upper shoulder region. “C3,4, +5 keep the diaphragm alive”

A

Cervical Plexus

71
Q

C5-T1; nerve supply for the upper extremities and some neck/shoulder muscles

A

Brachial Plexus

72
Q

L1-L4; nerve supply for the anterolateral abdominal wall, genitals, and parts of the lower extremities; femoral nerve

A

Lumbar Plexus

73
Q

L4-S4; nerve supply to the buttocks, perineum, and parts of the lower extremities; sciatic nerve

A

Sacral Plexus

74
Q

pain extending from the buttocks down the leg caused by compression/injury to the sciatic nerve or its branches

A

sciatica

75
Q

spinal nerves ___ don’t form plexuses; they’re intercostal nerves which directly innervate their structure

A

T2-T11

76
Q

What does Really Tired? Drink Coffee stand for?

A

Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords

77
Q

What does My Aunt Remarried My Uncle stand for?

A

Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar

78
Q

compression of the radial nerve in the axilla; loss of extension of fingers, thumb, and wrist, numbness over 1st dorsal interosseous muscles

A

Radial Nerve Palsy

79
Q

segments of the skin that can feel sensation and are innervated by a specific spinal nerve (except for C1)

A

Dermatomes

80
Q

innervates the neck (AC Joint)

A

C4

81
Q

Innervates the Nipple

A

T4

82
Q

Innervates the kNee

A

L4

83
Q

innervates the aNus

A

S4

84
Q

doesn’t have a dermatome

A

C1

85
Q

innervates the belly butTen

A

T10

86
Q

a fast, predictable, automatic response to changes in the environment which help to maintain homeostasis

A

Reflex

87
Q

What are the 5 reflex arcs?

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integrating center
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector
88
Q

what are the five classifications of reflexes?

A
  1. type of effector (response)
  2. location of integration center (processing sites)
  3. mechanism of action
  4. development
  5. complexity
89
Q

basic neural reflexes formed before birth such as gripping or blinking

A

innate reflexes

90
Q

learned reflexes

A

acquired reflexes

91
Q

type of reflex where the effector of a reflex arc is a skeletal muscle

A

somatic reflex

92
Q

type of reflex where the effector is an involuntary muscle or gland

A

autonomic (visceral) reflex

93
Q

a reflex that’s integration center is the brain

A

cranial reflex

94
Q

a reflex that’s integration center is the spinal cord

A

spinal reflexes

95
Q

a reflex that operates to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction

A

stretch reflex

96
Q

a reflex which contracts flexor muscles to move a limb to avoid injury or pain

A

flexor (withdrawal) reflex

97
Q

a reflex pathway with only one synapse

A

monosynaptic reflex

98
Q

a reflex pathway with multiple synapses (between two and several hundred)

A

polysynaptic reflex

99
Q

reflex that controls the corneal (blink) reflex

A

somatic cranial reflex

100
Q

reflex that controls the patellar and achilles reflexes

A

somatic spinal reflex

101
Q

reflex that controls the pupillary light reflex

A

autonomic cranial reflex

102
Q

reflex that controls micturition (urination) and defecating

A

autonomic spinal reflex

103
Q

“meninges ______ the brain”

A

PAD

104
Q

what are the three extensions of the dura mater

A

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli

105
Q

a clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and also carries oxygen, glucose, and other chemicals from the blood to the neurons and neuroglia

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

106
Q

network of capillaries located in the ventricles

A

choroid plexuses

107
Q

opening between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle

A

interventricular foramen

108
Q

opening between the third and the fourth ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

109
Q

two lateral openings on the 4th ventricle

A

lateral aperture

110
Q

posterior opening of the 4th ventricle

A

median aperture

111
Q

finger-like extensions in the arachnoid mater which absorbs the CSF in the SA space

A

Arachnoid villi

112
Q

a sinus located at the top of the head through which most of the CSF drains through; part of the venous system

A

superior sagittal sinus

113
Q

an abnormal increase of pressure in the skull which can compress the brain, damage brain cells, or result in neurologic defect/death

A

intracranial pressure (ICP)

114
Q

normal ICP

A

10-15 mmHg

115
Q

bleeding into the epidural space

A

epidural hematoma

116
Q

bleeding into the subdural space

A

subdural hematoma

117
Q

bleeding into the SA space

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

118
Q

bleeding within the brain parenchyma

A

intracerebral hemorrhage

119
Q

any bleeding that occurs within the skull

A

intracranial hemorrhage

120
Q

part of the brain between the spinal cord adn diencephalon

A

brain stem

121
Q

what are the four regions of the brain stem?

A
  1. medulla oblongata
  2. pons
  3. midbrain
  4. reticular formation
122
Q

the part of the medulla where motor (efferent) tracts from the right and left sides of the brain cross

A

pyramid

123
Q

heart rate, respiratory rate, vasoconstriction; controlled by the medulla

A

vital reflexes

124
Q

the “bridge” in the brainstem, superior to the medulla; anterior protrusion

A

pons

125
Q

contains the substantia nigra (ganglia) which contains large, dark nuclei and produces dopamine. Loss of these neurons causes Parkinson’s disease

A

midbrain

126
Q

a nere network involving both gray and white matter

A

reticular formation

127
Q

the ascending part of the reticular formation which causes consciousness when stimulated or sleep when inactive

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

128
Q

the part of the brain which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

A

diencephalon

129
Q

the part of the diencephalon located superior to the midbrain; relay station for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

PT Elements (43 decks)

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