AP Exam 3 Flashcards
the system responsible for controlling our behaviors, memories, and movements.
maintains homeostasis and health with the endocrine system
Gastrocnemius
a cluster of neuronal somas within the PNS
Ganglion
a bundle of axons within the CNS
Tract
gaps in the myelin sheath; essential for conduction of an AP
Nodes of Ranvier
axon hillock and initial segment of the axon
Trigger Zone
the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates
Axon Hillock
the brain and spinal cord
CNS
neurons, nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors, enteric plexus, and other structures
PNS
afferent section of the PNS that includes somatosensory, special sensory, and visceral sensations
Sensory PNS
motor portion of the PNS that divides into the somatic and autonomic NS
Motor PNS
division of the Motor PNS which sends motor information from the CNS to voluntary (skeletal) muscles
Somatic NS
division of the Motor PNS which carries motor information from the CNS to involuntary (smooth and cardiac) muscles/glands; divided into three parts
Autonomic NS
a cluster of neuronal somas within the CNS
Nucleus
S-ANS
sympathetic divison of the ANS
P-ANS
parasympathetic division of the ANS
ENS
enteric nervous system (related to the GI tract)
three basic functions of the nervous system
sensation, integration, response
regions of the nervous system that deals with memories, emotional states, or cognition
integration/association areas
the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to an AP/impulse
Electrical Excitability
neurons with only one neuronal process emerging from the cell body; the soma sits alongside; axon appears to be divided into the peripheral and central processes
Unipolar
Neurons with two neuronal processes each extending from opposite sides of the soma. Special senses
Bipolar
neurons with multiple neuronal processes. Most common structural type of neuron
Multipolar
non excitable specialized tissue cells
Neuroglia
What do neuroglia do?
support neurons, attach to blood vessels, produce myelin sheaths, carry out phagocytosis
What types of neuroglia are in the CNS?
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells
What types of neuroglia are in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
brain tumor originating from the neuroglia; highly malignant
glioma
multilayered lipid and protein covering around the axon that electrically insulates it to increase the speed of the AP
Myelin Sheath
axons without a myelin sheath
Unmyelinated
cells that form the myelin sheath, beginning the process during fetal development; about 100 layers make up the myelin sheath
Schwann cells
the outer, nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells which encloses the myelin sheath
Neurolemma
tube formed by the neurolemma that aids in the regeneration of the axon; found only in the PNS
regeneration tube
form the myelin sheaths for CNS axons; no neurolemma, thus no regeneration
oligodendrocytes
composed of myelinated axons which acts as a highway for nerve impulses to be conducted to and from the brain
white matter
composed of unmyelinated parts of the nervous tissue such as the soma, dendrite, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia. receives and integrates incoming/outgoing information to perform reflexes
gray matter
what are the three spinal cord functions
- processing reflexes
- integrating information
- serves as pathways from sensory impulses to the brain and for motor impulses to travel from the brain to glands/muscles
what protects the spinal cord?
meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and vertebral column
CT membrane covering the spinal cord and brain; dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
Meninges
“tough mother”’ outermost meninges
Dura Mater
“Spider Mother”; middle meninges
Arachnoid Mother
“soft mother”; innermost meninges
Pia Mater
potential space between the dura mater and the skull
epidural space
potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
subdural space
space between the arachnoid and the pia mater which contains the CSF
subarachnoid space
part of the brain stem that continues into the spinal cord then into the conus medullaris; controls the vital reflexes plus swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccupping
medulla oblongata
the continuation of the pia mater from the consu medullaris. the inferior portion is anchored to the coccyx, thus the coccygeal ligament
filum terminal
the inferior portion of the filum terminal which is anchored to the coccyx
coccygeal ligament
two enlarged areas of the spinal cord that corresponds to nerves which extend into the upper and lower extremities
cervical and lumbar enlargements
a deep grove on the anterior side of the spinal cord, dividing the right and left halves
posterior median sulcus
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31
the points of attachment that connect a spinal nerve to the spinal cord
roots
contains sensory nerve fibers and conduct nerves impulses from the periphery to the spinal cord
posterior/dorsal root
ganglion that contains the soma of sensory neurons
posterior root ganglion
contains motor neuronal axons that conducts impulses from the spinal cord to the periphery; somas are located in the gray matter of the spinal cord
anterior/ventral root
what does SAME DAVE stand for?
Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent
Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent
shaped like the letter H and divided into horns which consists of neuronal somas and unmyelinated axons
gray matter in the spinal cord
forms the crossbar of the H which is made up of gray matter
Gray Commissure
the center of the gray commissure which runs the entire length of the spinal cord and contains CSF
Central Canal
(ascending)conduct nerve impulses toward the brain; located in the posterior columns of white matter in the spinal cord
sensory tracts
(descending) conduct impulses down the spinal cord; located in the anterior columns of white matter in the spinal cord
motor tracts
located anteriorly to the gray commissure which connects the white matter on the right and left sides of the spinal cord
white commissure
how many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
8
how many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?
12
how many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?
5
how many pairs of sacral nerves are there?
5
how many pairs of of coccygeal nerves are there?
1
“horse’s tail”; surrounds the filum terminale at the end of the spinal cord
cauda equina
a nerve that contains both sensory and motor axons
mixed nerve
“braid”; networks where spinal nerves join. Includes the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses
Plexuses
the phrenic nerve; C1-C5; nerve supply to the head, beck, and upper shoulder region. “C3,4, +5 keep the diaphragm alive”
Cervical Plexus
C5-T1; nerve supply for the upper extremities and some neck/shoulder muscles
Brachial Plexus
L1-L4; nerve supply for the anterolateral abdominal wall, genitals, and parts of the lower extremities; femoral nerve
Lumbar Plexus
L4-S4; nerve supply to the buttocks, perineum, and parts of the lower extremities; sciatic nerve
Sacral Plexus
pain extending from the buttocks down the leg caused by compression/injury to the sciatic nerve or its branches
sciatica
spinal nerves ___ don’t form plexuses; they’re intercostal nerves which directly innervate their structure
T2-T11
What does Really Tired? Drink Coffee stand for?
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
What does My Aunt Remarried My Uncle stand for?
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar
compression of the radial nerve in the axilla; loss of extension of fingers, thumb, and wrist, numbness over 1st dorsal interosseous muscles
Radial Nerve Palsy
segments of the skin that can feel sensation and are innervated by a specific spinal nerve (except for C1)
Dermatomes
innervates the neck (AC Joint)
C4
Innervates the Nipple
T4
Innervates the kNee
L4
innervates the aNus
S4
doesn’t have a dermatome
C1
innervates the belly butTen
T10
a fast, predictable, automatic response to changes in the environment which help to maintain homeostasis
Reflex
What are the 5 reflex arcs?
- sensory receptor
- sensory neuron
- integrating center
- motor neuron
- effector
what are the five classifications of reflexes?
- type of effector (response)
- location of integration center (processing sites)
- mechanism of action
- development
- complexity
basic neural reflexes formed before birth such as gripping or blinking
innate reflexes
learned reflexes
acquired reflexes
type of reflex where the effector of a reflex arc is a skeletal muscle
somatic reflex
type of reflex where the effector is an involuntary muscle or gland
autonomic (visceral) reflex
a reflex that’s integration center is the brain
cranial reflex
a reflex that’s integration center is the spinal cord
spinal reflexes
a reflex that operates to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction
stretch reflex
a reflex which contracts flexor muscles to move a limb to avoid injury or pain
flexor (withdrawal) reflex
a reflex pathway with only one synapse
monosynaptic reflex
a reflex pathway with multiple synapses (between two and several hundred)
polysynaptic reflex
reflex that controls the corneal (blink) reflex
somatic cranial reflex
reflex that controls the patellar and achilles reflexes
somatic spinal reflex
reflex that controls the pupillary light reflex
autonomic cranial reflex
reflex that controls micturition (urination) and defecating
autonomic spinal reflex
“meninges ______ the brain”
PAD
what are the three extensions of the dura mater
falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli
a clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and also carries oxygen, glucose, and other chemicals from the blood to the neurons and neuroglia
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
network of capillaries located in the ventricles
choroid plexuses
opening between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle
interventricular foramen
opening between the third and the fourth ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
two lateral openings on the 4th ventricle
lateral aperture
posterior opening of the 4th ventricle
median aperture
finger-like extensions in the arachnoid mater which absorbs the CSF in the SA space
Arachnoid villi
a sinus located at the top of the head through which most of the CSF drains through; part of the venous system
superior sagittal sinus
an abnormal increase of pressure in the skull which can compress the brain, damage brain cells, or result in neurologic defect/death
intracranial pressure (ICP)
normal ICP
10-15 mmHg
bleeding into the epidural space
epidural hematoma
bleeding into the subdural space
subdural hematoma
bleeding into the SA space
subarachnoid hemorrhage
bleeding within the brain parenchyma
intracerebral hemorrhage
any bleeding that occurs within the skull
intracranial hemorrhage
part of the brain between the spinal cord adn diencephalon
brain stem
what are the four regions of the brain stem?
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- midbrain
- reticular formation
the part of the medulla where motor (efferent) tracts from the right and left sides of the brain cross
pyramid
heart rate, respiratory rate, vasoconstriction; controlled by the medulla
vital reflexes
the “bridge” in the brainstem, superior to the medulla; anterior protrusion
pons
contains the substantia nigra (ganglia) which contains large, dark nuclei and produces dopamine. Loss of these neurons causes Parkinson’s disease
midbrain
a nere network involving both gray and white matter
reticular formation
the ascending part of the reticular formation which causes consciousness when stimulated or sleep when inactive
reticular activating system (RAS)
the part of the brain which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
diencephalon
the part of the diencephalon located superior to the midbrain; relay station for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
