AP Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
the system responsible for controlling our behaviors, memories, and movements.
maintains homeostasis and health with the endocrine system
A
Gastrocnemius
2
Q
a cluster of neuronal somas within the PNS
A
Ganglion
3
Q
a bundle of axons within the CNS
A
Tract
4
Q
gaps in the myelin sheath; essential for conduction of an AP
A
Nodes of Ranvier
5
Q
axon hillock and initial segment of the axon
A
Trigger Zone
6
Q
the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates
A
Axon Hillock
7
Q
the brain and spinal cord
A
CNS
8
Q
neurons, nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors, enteric plexus, and other structures
A
PNS
9
Q
afferent section of the PNS that includes somatosensory, special sensory, and visceral sensations
A
Sensory PNS
10
Q
motor portion of the PNS that divides into the somatic and autonomic NS
A
Motor PNS
11
Q
division of the Motor PNS which sends motor information from the CNS to voluntary (skeletal) muscles
A
Somatic NS
12
Q
division of the Motor PNS which carries motor information from the CNS to involuntary (smooth and cardiac) muscles/glands; divided into three parts
A
Autonomic NS
13
Q
a cluster of neuronal somas within the CNS
A
Nucleus
14
Q
S-ANS
A
sympathetic divison of the ANS
15
Q
P-ANS
A
parasympathetic division of the ANS
16
Q
ENS
A
enteric nervous system (related to the GI tract)
17
Q
three basic functions of the nervous system
A
sensation, integration, response
18
Q
regions of the nervous system that deals with memories, emotional states, or cognition
A
integration/association areas
19
Q
the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to an AP/impulse
A
Electrical Excitability
20
Q
neurons with only one neuronal process emerging from the cell body; the soma sits alongside; axon appears to be divided into the peripheral and central processes
A
Unipolar
21
Q
Neurons with two neuronal processes each extending from opposite sides of the soma. Special senses
A
Bipolar
22
Q
neurons with multiple neuronal processes. Most common structural type of neuron
A
Multipolar
23
Q
non excitable specialized tissue cells
A
Neuroglia
24
Q
What do neuroglia do?
A
support neurons, attach to blood vessels, produce myelin sheaths, carry out phagocytosis
25
What types of neuroglia are in the CNS?
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells
26
What types of neuroglia are in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
27
brain tumor originating from the neuroglia; highly malignant
glioma
28
multilayered lipid and protein covering around the axon that electrically insulates it to increase the speed of the AP
Myelin Sheath
29
axons without a myelin sheath
Unmyelinated
30
cells that form the myelin sheath, beginning the process during fetal development; about 100 layers make up the myelin sheath
Schwann cells
31
the outer, nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells which encloses the myelin sheath
Neurolemma
32
tube formed by the neurolemma that aids in the regeneration of the axon; found only in the PNS
regeneration tube
33
form the myelin sheaths for CNS axons; no neurolemma, thus no regeneration
oligodendrocytes
34
composed of myelinated axons which acts as a highway for nerve impulses to be conducted to and from the brain
white matter
35
composed of unmyelinated parts of the nervous tissue such as the soma, dendrite, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia. receives and integrates incoming/outgoing information to perform reflexes
gray matter
36
what are the three spinal cord functions
1. processing reflexes
2. integrating information
3. serves as pathways from sensory impulses to the brain and for motor impulses to travel from the brain to glands/muscles
37
what protects the spinal cord?
meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and vertebral column
38
CT membrane covering the spinal cord and brain; dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
Meninges
39
"tough mother"' outermost meninges
Dura Mater
40
"Spider Mother"; middle meninges
Arachnoid Mother
41
"soft mother"; innermost meninges
Pia Mater
42
potential space between the dura mater and the skull
epidural space
43
potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
subdural space
44
space between the arachnoid and the pia mater which contains the CSF
subarachnoid space
45
part of the brain stem that continues into the spinal cord then into the conus medullaris; controls the vital reflexes plus swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccupping
medulla oblongata
46
the continuation of the pia mater from the consu medullaris. the inferior portion is anchored to the coccyx, thus the coccygeal ligament
filum terminal
47
the inferior portion of the filum terminal which is anchored to the coccyx
coccygeal ligament
48
two enlarged areas of the spinal cord that corresponds to nerves which extend into the upper and lower extremities
cervical and lumbar enlargements
49
a deep grove on the anterior side of the spinal cord, dividing the right and left halves
posterior median sulcus
50
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31
51
the points of attachment that connect a spinal nerve to the spinal cord
roots
52
contains sensory nerve fibers and conduct nerves impulses from the periphery to the spinal cord
posterior/dorsal root
53
ganglion that contains the soma of sensory neurons
posterior root ganglion
54
contains motor neuronal axons that conducts impulses from the spinal cord to the periphery; somas are located in the gray matter of the spinal cord
anterior/ventral root
55
what does SAME DAVE stand for?
Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent
Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent
56
shaped like the letter H and divided into horns which consists of neuronal somas and unmyelinated axons
gray matter in the spinal cord
57
forms the crossbar of the H which is made up of gray matter
Gray Commissure
58
the center of the gray commissure which runs the entire length of the spinal cord and contains CSF
Central Canal
59
(ascending)conduct nerve impulses toward the brain; located in the posterior columns of white matter in the spinal cord
sensory tracts
60
(descending) conduct impulses down the spinal cord; located in the anterior columns of white matter in the spinal cord
motor tracts
61
located anteriorly to the gray commissure which connects the white matter on the right and left sides of the spinal cord
white commissure
62
how many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
8
63
how many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?
12
64
how many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?
5
65
how many pairs of sacral nerves are there?
5
66
how many pairs of of coccygeal nerves are there?
1
67
"horse's tail"; surrounds the filum terminale at the end of the spinal cord
cauda equina
68
a nerve that contains both sensory and motor axons
mixed nerve
69
"braid"; networks where spinal nerves join. Includes the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses
Plexuses
70
the phrenic nerve; C1-C5; nerve supply to the head, beck, and upper shoulder region. "C3,4, +5 keep the diaphragm alive"
Cervical Plexus
71
C5-T1; nerve supply for the upper extremities and some neck/shoulder muscles
Brachial Plexus
72
L1-L4; nerve supply for the anterolateral abdominal wall, genitals, and parts of the lower extremities; femoral nerve
Lumbar Plexus
73
L4-S4; nerve supply to the buttocks, perineum, and parts of the lower extremities; sciatic nerve
Sacral Plexus
74
pain extending from the buttocks down the leg caused by compression/injury to the sciatic nerve or its branches
sciatica
75
spinal nerves ___ don't form plexuses; they're intercostal nerves which directly innervate their structure
T2-T11
76
What does Really Tired? Drink Coffee stand for?
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
77
What does My Aunt Remarried My Uncle stand for?
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar
78
compression of the radial nerve in the axilla; loss of extension of fingers, thumb, and wrist, numbness over 1st dorsal interosseous muscles
Radial Nerve Palsy
79
segments of the skin that can feel sensation and are innervated by a specific spinal nerve (except for C1)
Dermatomes
80
innervates the neck (AC Joint)
C4
81
Innervates the Nipple
T4
82
Innervates the kNee
L4
83
innervates the aNus
S4
84
doesn't have a dermatome
C1
85
innervates the belly butTen
T10
86
a fast, predictable, automatic response to changes in the environment which help to maintain homeostasis
Reflex
87
What are the 5 reflex arcs?
1. sensory receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. integrating center
4. motor neuron
5. effector
88
what are the five classifications of reflexes?
1. type of effector (response)
2. location of integration center (processing sites)
3. mechanism of action
4. development
5. complexity
89
basic neural reflexes formed before birth such as gripping or blinking
innate reflexes
90
learned reflexes
acquired reflexes
91
type of reflex where the effector of a reflex arc is a skeletal muscle
somatic reflex
92
type of reflex where the effector is an involuntary muscle or gland
autonomic (visceral) reflex
93
a reflex that's integration center is the brain
cranial reflex
94
a reflex that's integration center is the spinal cord
spinal reflexes
95
a reflex that operates to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction
stretch reflex
96
a reflex which contracts flexor muscles to move a limb to avoid injury or pain
flexor (withdrawal) reflex
97
a reflex pathway with only one synapse
monosynaptic reflex
98
a reflex pathway with multiple synapses (between two and several hundred)
polysynaptic reflex
99
reflex that controls the corneal (blink) reflex
somatic cranial reflex
100
reflex that controls the patellar and achilles reflexes
somatic spinal reflex
101
reflex that controls the pupillary light reflex
autonomic cranial reflex
102
reflex that controls micturition (urination) and defecating
autonomic spinal reflex
103
"meninges ______ the brain"
PAD
104
what are the three extensions of the dura mater
falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli
105
a clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and also carries oxygen, glucose, and other chemicals from the blood to the neurons and neuroglia
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
106
network of capillaries located in the ventricles
choroid plexuses
107
opening between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle
interventricular foramen
108
opening between the third and the fourth ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
109
two lateral openings on the 4th ventricle
lateral aperture
110
posterior opening of the 4th ventricle
median aperture
111
finger-like extensions in the arachnoid mater which absorbs the CSF in the SA space
Arachnoid villi
112
a sinus located at the top of the head through which most of the CSF drains through; part of the venous system
superior sagittal sinus
113
an abnormal increase of pressure in the skull which can compress the brain, damage brain cells, or result in neurologic defect/death
intracranial pressure (ICP)
114
normal ICP
10-15 mmHg
115
bleeding into the epidural space
epidural hematoma
116
bleeding into the subdural space
subdural hematoma
117
bleeding into the SA space
subarachnoid hemorrhage
118
bleeding within the brain parenchyma
intracerebral hemorrhage
119
any bleeding that occurs within the skull
intracranial hemorrhage
120
part of the brain between the spinal cord adn diencephalon
brain stem
121
what are the four regions of the brain stem?
1. medulla oblongata
2. pons
3. midbrain
4. reticular formation
122
the part of the medulla where motor (efferent) tracts from the right and left sides of the brain cross
pyramid
123
heart rate, respiratory rate, vasoconstriction; controlled by the medulla
vital reflexes
124
the "bridge" in the brainstem, superior to the medulla; anterior protrusion
pons
125
contains the substantia nigra (ganglia) which contains large, dark nuclei and produces dopamine. Loss of these neurons causes Parkinson's disease
midbrain
126
a nere network involving both gray and white matter
reticular formation
127
the ascending part of the reticular formation which causes consciousness when stimulated or sleep when inactive
reticular activating system (RAS)
128
the part of the brain which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
diencephalon
129
the part of the diencephalon located superior to the midbrain; relay station for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
