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PT Elements > 1 Unit - Basics of the Cell > Flashcards

1 Unit - Basics of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

what is the smallest unit of life

A

the cell

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2
Q

what are the four categories of macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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3
Q

what is the monomer of carbohydrates

A

simple sugars

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4
Q

what is the monomer of lipids

A

fatty acids

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5
Q

what is the monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

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6
Q

what is the monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucelotides

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7
Q

the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler ones

A

catabolism

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8
Q

do catabolism processes release or store energy

A

release

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9
Q

the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones

A

anabolism

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10
Q

do anabolism processes release or store energy

A

store

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11
Q

the overarching term that includes both catabolism and anabolism

A

metabolism

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12
Q

proteins that catalyze a reaction

A

enzymes

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13
Q

what are the 5 monosaccharides we encounter

A

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

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14
Q

what are the 3 disaccharides we encounter

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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15
Q

what is maltose?

A

malt sugar (glucose + glucose)

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16
Q

what is sucrose?

A

table sugar (glucose + fructose)

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17
Q

what is lactose?

A

milk sugar (glucose + galactose)

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18
Q

what are the 3 types of polysaccharides we encounter?

A

glycogen, starch, cellulose

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19
Q

what is glycogen used for

A

energy storage

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20
Q

what is starch used for

A

energy storage in plants

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21
Q

what is cellulose used for

A

plant cell walls

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22
Q

describes the partial positive or partial negative charge that results from unequal sharing of electrons involved in a covalent bond

A

polar

23
Q

what makes up a triglyceride

A

1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules

24
Q

what do triglycerides provide

A

protection, insulation, energy

25
Q

what are the main structural component of cell membranes

A

phospholipids

26
Q

what are phospholipids made up of

A

one polar head and 2 nonpolar tails

27
Q

what is the overall charge of a phospholipid molecule

A

neutral

28
Q

what are sterols

A

lipids without fatty acids

29
Q

what is the main structure of sterols?

A

4 rings of carbon

30
Q

what is the most common type of sterol

A

cholesterol

31
Q

what are the other two examples of sterols

A

sex hormones and fat soluble vitamins

32
Q

what is the function of proteins?

A

enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural units

33
Q

what distinguishes an amino acid from the other amino acids

A

the R group

34
Q

how many essential amino acids are there

A

20

35
Q

how many amino acids can our body not synthesize?

A

9

36
Q

what are amino acids joined together by?

A

peptide bonds

37
Q

what does a peptide bond look like

A

carbon bonded to nitrogen

38
Q

when there are less than about 50 amino acids, they are generally just called

A

polypeptides

39
Q

if there’s 50 or more amino acids they’re calle

A

proteins

40
Q

what does a nucloetide consist of

A

sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen-containing base

41
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

42
Q

what do nucleic acids play a role in?

A

transferring inheritable information

43
Q

a threadlike structure of DNA wrapped around proteins

A

chromosome

44
Q

1 DNA + many histones =

A

1 chromosome

45
Q

the portion of the DNA molecule coiled around a core of 8 histones

A

nucleosome

46
Q

what are the four nitrogen-containing bases

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

47
Q

the nitrogenous bases of two nucleotides connect via ?

A

hydrogen bonds

48
Q

what are the three stages of DNA replication?

A

initiation, elongation, termination

49
Q

what is the enzyme that adds nucleotides onto an existing strand

A

DNA polymerase

50
Q

what are the three parts of a eukaryotic cell?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

51
Q

what does amphipathic mean

A

has both polar and non-polar regions

52
Q

proteins that are permanently anchored within the cell membrane

A

integral proteins

53
Q

proteins that are only temporarily attached to the inner or outer surface of the membrane

A

peripheral

PT Elements (43 decks)

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