1 Unit - Basics of the Cell

Question 1

what is the smallest unit of life

Answer 1

the cell

Question 2

what are the four categories of macromolecules

Answer 2

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 3

what is the monomer of carbohydrates

Answer 3

simple sugars

Question 4

what is the monomer of lipids

Answer 4

fatty acids

Question 5

what is the monomer of proteins

Answer 5

amino acids

Question 6

what is the monomer of nucleic acids

Answer 6

nucelotides

Question 7

the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler ones

Answer 7

catabolism

Question 8

do catabolism processes release or store energy

Answer 8

release

Question 9

the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones

Answer 9

anabolism

Question 10

do anabolism processes release or store energy

Answer 10

store

Question 11

the overarching term that includes both catabolism and anabolism

Answer 11

metabolism

Question 12

proteins that catalyze a reaction

Answer 12

enzymes

Question 13

what are the 5 monosaccharides we encounter

Answer 13

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

Question 14

what are the 3 disaccharides we encounter

Answer 14

maltose, sucrose, lactose

Question 15

what is maltose?

Answer 15

malt sugar (glucose + glucose)

Question 16

what is sucrose?

Answer 16

table sugar (glucose + fructose)

Question 17

what is lactose?

Answer 17

milk sugar (glucose + galactose)

Question 18

what are the 3 types of polysaccharides we encounter?

Answer 18

glycogen, starch, cellulose

Question 19

what is glycogen used for

Answer 19

energy storage

Question 20

what is starch used for

Answer 20

energy storage in plants

Question 21

what is cellulose used for

Answer 21

plant cell walls

Question 22

describes the partial positive or partial negative charge that results from unequal sharing of electrons involved in a covalent bond

Answer 22

polar

Question 23

what makes up a triglyceride

Answer 23

1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules

Question 24

what do triglycerides provide

Answer 24

protection, insulation, energy

Question 25

what are the main structural component of cell membranes

Answer 25

phospholipids

Question 26

what are phospholipids made up of

Answer 26

one polar head and 2 nonpolar tails

Question 27

what is the overall charge of a phospholipid molecule

Answer 27

neutral

Question 28

what are sterols

Answer 28

lipids without fatty acids

Question 29

what is the main structure of sterols?

Answer 29

4 rings of carbon

Question 30

what is the most common type of sterol

Answer 30

cholesterol

Question 31

what are the other two examples of sterols

Answer 31

sex hormones and fat soluble vitamins

Question 32

what is the function of proteins?

Answer 32

enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural units

Question 33

what distinguishes an amino acid from the other amino acids

Answer 33

the R group

Question 34

how many essential amino acids are there

Answer 34

20

Question 35

how many amino acids can our body not synthesize?

Answer 35

9

Question 36

what are amino acids joined together by?

Answer 36

peptide bonds

Question 37

what does a peptide bond look like

Answer 37

carbon bonded to nitrogen

Question 38

when there are less than about 50 amino acids, they are generally just called

Answer 38

polypeptides

Question 39

if there's 50 or more amino acids they're calle

Answer 39

proteins

Question 40

what does a nucloetide consist of

Answer 40

sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen-containing base

Question 41

what does ATP stand for

Answer 41

adenosine triphosphate

Question 42

what do nucleic acids play a role in?

Answer 42

transferring inheritable information

Question 43

a threadlike structure of DNA wrapped around proteins

Answer 43

chromosome

Question 44

1 DNA + many histones =

Answer 44

1 chromosome

Question 45

the portion of the DNA molecule coiled around a core of 8 histones

Answer 45

nucleosome

Question 46

what are the four nitrogen-containing bases

Answer 46

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Question 47

the nitrogenous bases of two nucleotides connect via ?

Answer 47

hydrogen bonds

Question 48

what are the three stages of DNA replication?

Answer 48

initiation, elongation, termination

Question 49

what is the enzyme that adds nucleotides onto an existing strand

Answer 49

DNA polymerase

Question 50

what are the three parts of a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 50

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

Question 51

what does amphipathic mean

Answer 51

has both polar and non-polar regions

Question 52

proteins that are permanently anchored within the cell membrane

Answer 52

integral proteins

Question 53

proteins that are only temporarily attached to the inner or outer surface of the membrane

Answer 53

peripheral