Exam 5 A&PII Flashcards
what does the urinary system consists of?
two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra
the branch of medicine that deals with the structure, function, and disorders of the kidneys
nephrology
the medical specialty related to the rest of the urinary tract, along with the male reproductive system
urology
the kidney’s primary roles are(5):
- balance the plasma to homeostatic set points
- excrete potential toxins in the urine
- regulate blood pressure
- regulate RBC production
- regulate Ca absorption
how does the kidney regulate blood pressure?
via renin production
how does the kidney regulate RBC production?
via EPO production
how does the kidney regulate Ca absorption?
via the conversion of inactive vitamin D –> active vitamin D
what is the size of an adult kidney?
a bar of bath soap
the kidney has a ______ through which the ureter, renal artery & vein, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit the kidney
hilium
surrounding the kidney is the tough, fibrous _____ ________
renal capsule
around the renal capsule is a protective layer of _______ _________
adipose tissue
the adipose tissue surrounding the renal capsule is called ________ or __________ fat
perirenal; preinephric
internally, the kidney has two main regions:
an outer cortex and an inner medulla
what is located within the medulla?
the renal pyramids and renal columns
what is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
urine, formed in the nephron, flows into a:
minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> urinary bladder –> urethra –> outside the body
how much of the resting cardiac output flows into the kidneys
25%
blood enters the kidney through the _______ ________
renal artery
once blood enters the renal artery, it divides into smaller and smaller vessels that eventually deliver blood to the ________ _________
afferent arterioles
each afferent arteriole divides into a tangled capillary network called a _________
glomerulus
the capillaries of the glomerulus reunite to form an _______ _________
efferent arteriole
each efferent arteriole then divides to form a network of capillaries around the kidney tubule called ____________ ______________
peritubular capillaries
the peritubular capillaries eventually reunite to form ___________ _______
peritubular veins
the peritubular veins ultimately drain into the ______ ______
renal vein
order of blood entering kidneys:
renal artery –> afferent arterioles —> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries –> peritubular veins –> renal vein
there are 2 capillary beds in the kidney’s blood series:
glomerulus and peritubular capillaries
the peritubular capillaries that surround the loop of Henle extend deep into the medulla and are called
vasa recta
what is the functional significance of portal systems
transports products of one region directly to another region in relatively high concentrations
true or false? all nephrons are present at birth
true
nephrons increase in _____, but not in _______
size; number
a nephron consists of an initial filtering component and a tube specialized for ________ and ________
secretion; reabsorption
fluid that is filtered at the renal corpuscle enters the tubule and is called
filtrate
at the end of secretion and reabsorption, the tubular fluid that leaves the nephron is called
urine
a renal corpuscle consists of two parts:
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
what is the glomerulus
a tangled capillary ball
what is the glomerular capsule
a cup-like structure that tightly surrounds the glomerulus and is continuous with the renal tubule
the glomerular capsule is composed of a ______ and a _______ layer
parietal and visceral
the space between the parietal layer and the visercal layer of the glomerular capsule is called the
capsular space
the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of ________________________ and what does it do?
simple squamous epithelium; it does not play a role in filtration
the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of ________
podocytes
what do podocytes do?
they adhere to the basement membrane of the glomerulus and have feet-like extensions that wrap around the glomerular capillaries
between the pedicels of the podocytes are slit-like gaps known as _________ ____
filtration slits
blood is filtered within the renal corpuscle, and the filtrate moves from the ________ ________ into the ______ _________
capsular space; renal tubule
a renal tubule extends distally from Bowman’s capsule and consists of 3 portions:
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
the specialized cells of the DCT are called
macula densa cells
the specialized cells of the afferent arteriole
granular JG cells
what do the macula densa cells and granular JG cells make up
juxtagolmerular apparatus (JGA)
