Exam 5 A&PII

Question 1

what does the urinary system consists of?

Answer 1

two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra

Question 2

the branch of medicine that deals with the structure, function, and disorders of the kidneys

Answer 2

nephrology

Question 3

the medical specialty related to the rest of the urinary tract, along with the male reproductive system

Answer 3

urology

Question 4

the kidney’s primary roles are(5):

Answer 4

1. balance the plasma to homeostatic set points
2. excrete potential toxins in the urine
3. regulate blood pressure
4. regulate RBC production
5. regulate Ca absorption

Question 5

how does the kidney regulate blood pressure?

Answer 5

via renin production

Question 6

how does the kidney regulate RBC production?

Answer 6

via EPO production

Question 7

how does the kidney regulate Ca absorption?

Answer 7

via the conversion of inactive vitamin D –> active vitamin D

Question 8

what is the size of an adult kidney?

Answer 8

a bar of bath soap

Question 9

the kidney has a ______ through which the ureter, renal artery & vein, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit the kidney

Answer 9

hilium

Question 10

surrounding the kidney is the tough, fibrous _____ ________

Answer 10

renal capsule

Question 11

around the renal capsule is a protective layer of _______ _________

Answer 11

adipose tissue

Question 12

the adipose tissue surrounding the renal capsule is called ________ or __________ fat

Answer 12

perirenal; preinephric

Question 13

internally, the kidney has two main regions:

Answer 13

an outer cortex and an inner medulla

Question 14

what is located within the medulla?

Answer 14

the renal pyramids and renal columns

Question 15

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 15

nephron

Question 16

urine, formed in the nephron, flows into a:

Answer 16

minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> urinary bladder –> urethra –> outside the body

Question 17

how much of the resting cardiac output flows into the kidneys

Answer 17

25%

Question 18

blood enters the kidney through the _______ ________

Answer 18

renal artery

Question 19

once blood enters the renal artery, it divides into smaller and smaller vessels that eventually deliver blood to the ________ _________

Answer 19

afferent arterioles

Question 20

each afferent arteriole divides into a tangled capillary network called a _________

Answer 20

glomerulus

Question 21

the capillaries of the glomerulus reunite to form an _______ _________

Answer 21

efferent arteriole

Question 22

each efferent arteriole then divides to form a network of capillaries around the kidney tubule called ____________ ______________

Answer 22

peritubular capillaries

Question 23

the peritubular capillaries eventually reunite to form ___________ _______

Answer 23

peritubular veins

Question 24

the peritubular veins ultimately drain into the ______ ______

Answer 24

renal vein

Question 25

order of blood entering kidneys:

Answer 25

renal artery –> afferent arterioles —> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries –> peritubular veins –> renal vein

Question 26

there are 2 capillary beds in the kidney’s blood series:

Answer 26

glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

Question 27

the peritubular capillaries that surround the loop of Henle extend deep into the medulla and are called

Answer 27

vasa recta

Question 28

what is the functional significance of portal systems

Answer 28

transports products of one region directly to another region in relatively high concentrations

Question 29

true or false? all nephrons are present at birth

Answer 29

true

Question 30

nephrons increase in _____, but not in _______

Answer 30

size; number

Question 31

a nephron consists of an initial filtering component and a tube specialized for ________ and ________

Answer 31

secretion; reabsorption

Question 32

fluid that is filtered at the renal corpuscle enters the tubule and is called

Answer 32

filtrate

Question 33

at the end of secretion and reabsorption, the tubular fluid that leaves the nephron is called

Answer 33

urine

Question 34

a renal corpuscle consists of two parts:

Answer 34

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Question 35

what is the glomerulus

Answer 35

a tangled capillary ball

Question 36

what is the glomerular capsule

Answer 36

a cup-like structure that tightly surrounds the glomerulus and is continuous with the renal tubule

Question 37

the glomerular capsule is composed of a ______ and a _______ layer

Answer 37

parietal and visceral

Question 38

the space between the parietal layer and the visercal layer of the glomerular capsule is called the

Answer 38

capsular space

Question 39

the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of ________________________ and what does it do?

Answer 39

simple squamous epithelium; it does not play a role in filtration

Question 40

the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of ________

Answer 40

podocytes

Question 41

what do podocytes do?

Answer 41

they adhere to the basement membrane of the glomerulus and have feet-like extensions that wrap around the glomerular capillaries

Question 42

between the pedicels of the podocytes are slit-like gaps known as _________ ____

Answer 42

filtration slits

Question 43

blood is filtered within the renal corpuscle, and the filtrate moves from the ________ ________ into the ______ _________

Answer 43

capsular space; renal tubule

Question 44

a renal tubule extends distally from Bowman’s capsule and consists of 3 portions:

Answer 44

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

Question 45

the specialized cells of the DCT are called

Answer 45

macula densa cells

Question 46

the specialized cells of the afferent arteriole

Answer 46

granular JG cells

Question 47

what do the macula densa cells and granular JG cells make up

Answer 47

juxtagolmerular apparatus (JGA)