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PT Elements > Microbiology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of organisms and agents too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye

A

microbiology

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2
Q

What do microbes in our lives do?

A

decompose organic waste, generate oxygen by photosynthesis, produce chemical and fermented products

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3
Q

Knowledge of microorganisms allows humans to:

A

prevent food spoilage and disease, and understand causes and transmission of disease to prevent epidemics

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4
Q

Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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5
Q

What year did Carolus Linnaeus establish the system of scientific nomenclature?

A

1735

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6
Q

What is scientific nomenclature?

A

Each organism has two names: the genus and the specific epithet

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7
Q

What does nomenclature look like?

A

The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lowercase

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of bacteria?

A

they’re prokaryotes, single-celled and have peptidoglycan cell walls

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8
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

by binary fission

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of archaea?

A

They’re prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan cell walls and often live in extreme environments

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9
Q

Examples of archaea?

A

Methanogens, extreme halophiles and extreme thermophiles

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of fungi?

A

They’re eukaryotes, have chitin cell walls, and absorb organic chemicals for energy.

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11
Q

What are some characteristics of protozoa?

A

They’re eukaryotes, they absorb/ingest organic chemicals, and may be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

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12
Q

How do protozoa live?

A

They’re free-living or they can be parasitic

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of viruses?

A

They’re acellular, consist of DNA or RNA core, and their core is surrounded by a protein coat.

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14
Q

What does a viruses’ coat look like?

A

It may be enclosed in a lipid envelope

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15
Q

How do viruses spread?

A

They’re replicated only when they are in a living host cell, they’re inert outside living hosts

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16
Q

What are some characteristics of multicellular animal parasites?

A

they’re eukaryotes, multicellular animals, and not strictly microorganisms

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17
Q

Who was the first person to observe microorganisms under a microscope?

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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18
Q

living organisms can develop from non living matter

A

spontaneous generation

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19
Q

what’s interesting about spontaneous generation?

A

up until the 17th century, it was the primary hypothesis to explain how life arises

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20
Q

What did Francesco Redi prove?

A

Used decaying meat to disprove spontaneous generation of maggots

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21
Q

What did Pasteur prove?

A

He disproved spontaneous generation by the famous swan necked flask experiment

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22
Q

What was the Miller-Urey experiment?

A

It produced amino acids and did not produce protein nor a cell. It did not explain how single cell organisms evolve into multicellular organisms but it does show evidence for a Designer.

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23
Q

the idea that microbes caused disease

A

germ theory

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24
Q

who was thought to be the father of germ theory?

A

Pasteur

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25
Q

What did Louis Pasteur DO?

A

correlated process of wine making and beer making with yeast byproducts

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26
Q

What did Joseph Lister DO?

A

developed the concept of antiseptic surgery - instruments are heat sterilized and phenol is used afterward to eliminate infection

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27
Q

What did Robert Koch do?

A

demonstrated the role of microbes in causing disease during his study of ANTHRAX

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28
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates?

A
  1. Microbe must be present in every case of the disease but not in healthy animal
  2. Suspected microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture
  3. Same disease must result when pure culture inoculated into healthy host
  4. same microbe isolated from infected host
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29
Q

the idea of injecting attenuated strains to protect healthy animals or humans from microbial infection was termed

A

vaccination

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30
Q

Who developed the first vaccine?

A

Pasteur

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31
Q

What was the first antibiotic?

A

penicillin

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32
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic and what year?

A

Alexander Flemming in 1929

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33
Q

Who discovered DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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34
Q

Which two people proposed the model of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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35
Q

What are some characteristics of Bacillus anthracis?

A

It’s gram-positive, endospore forming, and causes animal disease anthrax

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36
Q

What does the disease anthrax do?

A

infects wild and domesticated herbivorous animals

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37
Q

Who identified anthrax?

A

Robert Koch

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38
Q

What are the three forms of anthrax?

A

cutaneous, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal

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39
Q

What percentage of anthrax is cutaneous?

A

95%

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40
Q

What are some symptoms of cutaneous anthrax?

A

Black ulcer, spore penetration 2 to 5 days later, rarely fatal

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41
Q

What are some symptoms of pulmonary anthrax?

A

It begins with cold/flu-like symptoms, respiratory infection, it has a 92% mortality rate but a 45% mortality rate when treated early

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42
Q

What are some symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax?

A

Nausea, loss of appetite, bloody diarrhea, and fever, followed by bad stomach pain

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43
Q

Is there a vaccine for Bacillus anthracis?

A

Yes, but it is not available for the general public

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44
Q

What does treatment for anthrax look like?

A

antibiotics

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45
Q

any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens

A

light microscopy

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46
Q

What are the four types of light microscopy?

A
  1. Compound light microscopy
  2. Darkfield microscopy
  3. Fluorescence miroscopy
  4. Confocal microscopy
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47
Q

What is the total magnification equation?

A

Total Magnification = objective lens x ocular lens

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48
Q

the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points

A

resolution

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49
Q

shorter wavelengths of light provide _______ resolution

A

greater

50
Q

a measure of the light-bending ability of a medium

A

refractive index

51
Q

What is immersion oil used for?

A

to keep light from refracting

52
Q

What does brightfield illumination look like?

A

Dark objects are visible against a bright background, light reflected off the specimen does not enter the objective lens

53
Q

What does darkfield microscopy look like?

A

light objects are visible against a dark background, only light reflected off the specimen enters the objective lens

54
Q

What does fluorescence microscopy look like?

A

Object emits light - objects absorbs light and then emits trapped energy

55
Q

What does confocal microscopy look like?

A

cells are stained with fluorochrome dyes, short-wavelength light is used to excite a single plane of a specimen

56
Q

What are some characteristics of electron microscopy?

A

Uses magnetic lenses, uses electron beam in place of light, specimen must be stained.

57
Q

What is transmission electron microscopy used for?

A

virus and cross sections of cells

58
Q

what is scanning electron microscopy used for?

A

visualizes surfaces or surface structures

59
Q

the internal and external structures of a cell and the microorganism itself are fixed in place

A

Fixation-Process

60
Q

What are the two types of bacteriology?

A

Heat fix and chemical fix

61
Q

Examples of simple stains

A

crystal violet, malachite green, safranin, acid fuchsin

62
Q

examples of differential staining

A

gram stain, acid-fast, endospore staining, capsule staining

63
Q

What are some characteristics of mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

rod shaped actinomycete, infectious agent for tuberculosis, does not accept staining well

64
Q

Since mycobacterium doesn’t accept simple stains, what do we classify it as?

A

mycolic acid

65
Q

what is harsh staining treatment called

A

acid fast

66
Q

What percentage of the world is infected with tuberculosis

A

33%

67
Q

Tuberculosis Detection?

A

Skin Test Positive, Blood, Sputum, Chest X-Ray

68
Q

Symptoms of tuberculosis?

A

Active infection cough, weight loss, bloody sputum

69
Q

What group of people is more susceptible to TB?

A

AIDS victims

70
Q

What are examples of cell shapes

A

cocci, rod, vibrio

71
Q

what is the composition of bacterial glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate

72
Q

What are the two types of bacterial glycocalyx

A

capsule and slime layers

73
Q

what is the function of glycocalyx

A

contributes to virulence and stores lots of water thus makes cells resistant to drying

74
Q

What is the composition of flagella?

A

protein

75
Q

What are the three parts of flagella?

A

basal body, hook, filament

76
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

motility

77
Q

one flagella located at a pole or end

A

monotrichous

78
Q

single flagella at both ends

A

amphitrichous

79
Q

tuft of flagella at one or both ends

A

lophotrichous

80
Q

flagella around entire surface of bacteria

A

petritrichous

81
Q

what is the composition of pili or fimbriae

A

the protein pilin

82
Q

what is the function of pili/fimbriae

A

transfer of genetic material, attachment to surfaces, twitching motility

83
Q

What is the motility of flagella?

A

swimming and swarming

84
Q

what is the motility of pili

A

twitching

85
Q

What is the motility of taxis

A

chemoreceptors, and types of taxis

86
Q

rigid structure outside plasma membrane

A

bacterial cell wall

87
Q

what is the function of the bacterial cell wall

A

determines cell shape, protects from osmotic lysis and toxic substances, and pathogenicity

88
Q

what are covalently connected to peptidoglycan or plasma membrane

A

teichoic acids

89
Q

what is the function of teichoic acids

A

maintain/create structure, protection, and binding to host tissues

90
Q

What does LPS stand for

A

lipopolysaccharides

91
Q

What are the three types of LPS?

A

Lipid A, Core Polysaccharide, O antigen

92
Q

What does the LPS do

A

stabilizes outer membrane, attaches to surfaces and biofilm formation, creates a permeability layer, protects bacteria from host immune system, endotoxin

93
Q

What is in a Gram-Positive Cell Wall

A

Thick peptidoglycan and teichoic acids

94
Q

What is in a Gram-Negative Cell Wall

A

Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, and periplasmic space

95
Q

what is different about the archea cell wall

A

no peptidoglycan but do stain with gram stain either neg or pros

96
Q

What key metabolic functions happen at the plasma membrane?

A

transport, respiration, photosynthesis, synthesis of lipids and cell wall constituents, receptors

97
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

cell division-tubulin, localize proteins, cell shape

98
Q

what are the types of inclusion bodies

A

organic vs. inorganic

99
Q

what are organic inclusion bodies

A

glycogen-polymer of glucose which is a source of stored carbon and energy

100
Q

what are inorganic inclusion bodies

A

polyphosphate granules

101
Q

ribosomes are the site of what

A

protein synthesis

102
Q

Chromosomal DNA is circular DS DNA containing chromosomal genes

A

nucleoid

103
Q

extrachromosomal DNA which contains nonessential genes

A

Plasmid DNA

104
Q

what does plasmid dna code for

A

antibiotic resistance and toxin genes

105
Q

resistant, dormant bodies formed from vegetative cells during adverse conditions

A

bacterial endospores

106
Q

what makes an endospore so resistant?

A

calcium, acid-soluble DNA-binding proteins.

107
Q

Characteristics of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

gram negative bacterium, ubiquitous, and highly motile

108
Q

There are three forms of motility for pseudomans aeurginosa

A

swimming and swarming (flagella), and twitching (pili)

109
Q

The biofilm for pseudomans helps with

A

nitrogen cycling and opportunistic pathogens

110
Q

What are the three steps in biofilm formation

A

attachment, growth, detachment

111
Q

Pseudomonas attachment surfaces for abiotic

A

medical devices, soil, oil

112
Q

pseudomonas attachment surfaces for biotic

A

lungs, skin, urinary tract

113
Q

opportunistic pathogen immunocompromised patients

A

cancer, aids, cystic fibrosis, burn victims, outer ear

114
Q

What is the percentage of overall prevelance of p aeruginosa infections in US hospitals per discharges

A

0.4% (4 per 1000)

115
Q

P aueroginosa is the ____ most commonly isolated nosocomial pathogen

A

fourth

116
Q

pathophysiology stages of p auergo

A

bacterial attachment and colonization, local infection, bloodstream dissemination and systemic disease

117
Q

virulence factors of p aurego

A

proteases, exotoxin A, hemolysins

118
Q

Treatment for p aeurgo

A

atibiotics and quorum sensing inhibitors

119
Q

how do flagellum move

A

beat rather than act like a propellor

120
Q

how do cilia move

A

strokes fluid like an oar

121
Q

the site of respiration and ATP synthesis

A

mitochondria

122
Q

true or false the mitochondria contains its own DNA

A

TRUE

123
Q
A

PT Elements (43 decks)

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