Nursing Final Flashcards
providing skilled, specialized, knowledgeable care; improving the public health status, and ensuring safe, effective quality care.
ANA definition of nursing
learning to deliver care with compassion, caring, and respect for each patient’s dignity and individuality.
nursing as an art
based on a body of knowledge and evidence-based practices that are continually changing with new discoveries and innovations. Phenomena related to human health, such as facts, behaviors, problems, and events that describe reality.
nursing as a science
who is considered the center of nursing practice?
the patient
Who organized and founded the American Red Cross
Clara Barton
Who was the Union’s superintendent of Female Nurses during the Civil War
Dorothea Dix
who was known as the “moses of her people” for her work with the underground railroad
Harriet Tubman
who was the First African American educated nurse
Mary Mahoney
who founded the nurses’ associated alumnae of the U.S. and Canada (American Nurses Association)
Isabel Hampton Robb
who created the Henry Street Settlement, provided care for the poor
Lilian Wald
who was the First American Educated Nurse
Linda Richards
what is Cedarville University’s School of Nursing Mission?
Nursing practice grounded in biblical truth
who was one of the first modern nurse theorists
Virginia Henderson
who defined the unique function of the nurse
Virginia Henderson
to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge
the unique function of the nurse
the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations
ANA professional definition of nursing
what does ANA stand for
American Nurses Association
an essential element of professional nursing that involves the initiation of independent nursing interventions without medical orders
autonomy
the meaning that you are responsible professionally and legally for the type and quality of care provided
accountability
initiative to respond to reports about safety and quality patient care by the Institute of Medicine
Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
APRN
Advanced Practice Registered Nurse
CNM
Certified Nurse Midwife
CRNA
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
CNS
Clinical Nurse Specialist
helps to explain an event by defining ideas or concepts, explaining relationships among the concepts, and predicting outcomes
theory
the perspective or territory of a profession or discipline. It provides the subject, central concepts, values and beliefs, phenomena of interest, and central problems of a discipline
domain
a pattern of beliefs used to describe the domain of a discipline. This links the concepts, theories, beliefs, values, and assumptions accepted and applied by the discipline
paradigm
a thought or idea of reality that is put into words or phrases to help describes or explain a specific phenomenon. These can be as abstract as emotions or concrete as physical objects
concept
What are the four elements of the nursing paradigm?
- person
- health
- environment/situation
- nursing
what concept did Florence Nightingale come up with?
Patient Environment
what concept did Virginia Henderson come up with?
Principles and Practice of Nursing
what concept did Martha Rogers come up with?
Unitary Beings/Human Becomings/Expanding Consciouness
What concepts did Dorothea Orem come up with?
Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory
what concepts did Imogene King come up with?
Goal Attainment
What concepts did Madeline Leininger come up with?
Culture Care
What concept did Sister Callista Roy come up with?
Adaption
What concept did Jean Watson come up with?
Caring
nurses should manipulate (ventilation, light, decreased noise, hygiene, nutrition) so that nature is able to restore a patient to health
Patient Environment
Nurses assist patients with 14 activities until patients can meet these needs for themselves or they help patients have a peaceful death
Principles and Practice of Nursing
Nurses view a patient as a unique, dynamic energy field in constant energy exchange with the environment; nursing care focuses on helping a patient use his or her own potential to identify and alter personal rhythms/patterns to promote and maintain health
Unitary Beings/Human Becoming/Expanding Consciousness
a nurse continually assesses a patient’s ability to perform self-care and intervenes as needed to ensure that patients meet physical, psychological, sociological, and developmental needs
Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory
Nurses view a patient’s unique personal system that is constantly interacting/transacting with other systems (nurse, family, friends)Nurses help patients become active participants in their care by working with them to establish goals for attaining, restoring, or maintaining health.
Goal Attainment
Human caring varies among cultures in its expressions, processes, and patterns. Social structure factors such as the patient’s politics, culture, and traditions are significant forces affecting the diversity of the patient’s health and illness patterns.
Culture Care
Nurses help a patient cope with or adapt to changes in physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence domains
Adaption
Understand the interrelationship among health, illness, and human behavior rather than focus on the disease-cure model
Caring
concern for the welfare and well-being of others
altruism
respect for the inherent worth and uniqueness of all individuals and populations; the nurse values and respects all patients and colleagues.
Human Dignity
acting in accordance with an appropriate code of ethics and accepted standards of practice; honest in all aspects of nursing
Integrity
upholding moral, legal, and humanistic principles; nurse works to ensure equal treatment under the law and equal access to healthcare
Social Justice
a problem-solving approach to clinical practice that combines the deliberate and systematic use of best evidence in combination with a clinician’s expertise, patient preferences and values, and available health care resources in making decisions about patient care
EBP or Evidence Based Practice
What are the steps of EBP?
- Cultivate a spirit of inquiry within an EBP culture and environment
- Ask a clinical question in PICOT format
- Search for the most relevant and best evidence
- Critically appraise the evidence you gather
- Integrate the best evidence with your clinical expertise and patient preferences and values to make the best clinical decision
- Evaluate the outcomes of practice changes based on evidence
- Communicate the outcomes of EBP decisions or changes
large collections of published scientific reviews
Database
published scientific studies written by others in the medical field
Peer-Reviewed Articles
A research design involving an experimental comparison between two or more groups randomly assigned to treatments or strategies
RCT or Randomized Control Study
collects and critically analyzes multiple research studies or papers
Systematic Reviews
Systematically developed statements about a plan of care for a specific set of clinical circumstances involving a specific patient population
Clinical Guidelines
What are the key areas of focus for healthcare research?
- Build the scientific foundation for clinical practice
- Prevent disease and disability
- Manage and eliminate symptoms caused by illness
- Enhance end-of-life and palliative care
the process of testing relationships, differences, and cause-effect interactions among and between variables and testing intervention effectiveness
Quantitative Research
the study of research questions about human experiences. Data are words or observations; promote understanding; describe the experience
Qualitative Research
List the steps of the research process:
- Identify area of interest or clinical problem
- Review the literature
- Identify variables
- Determine Research Design
- Collect Data
- Analyze Data
- Communicate findings
doing good; positive steps to help others
Beneficence
do no harm
nonmaleficence
the obligation of fairness to all people
Justice
the agreement to keep promises; faithful to commitments
Fidelity
A set of guiding principles that all members of a profession accept; carrying out nursing responsibilities in a manner consistent with quality in nursing care and the ethical obligations of the profession
Professional Nursing Code of Ethics
defines actions as right or wrong on the basis of their “right-making characteristics” such as fidelity to promises, truthfulness, and justice
Deontology
the best action is the one that maximizes utility
Utilitarianism
Steps a nurse should take in processing an ethical dilemma?
- Ask the question: Is this an ethical dilemma?
- Gather information relevant to the case (patient, family, institutional, social)
- Clarify values. Distinguish among fact, opinion, and values
- Verbalize the problem
- Identify possible courses of action
- Negotiate a plan
- Evaluate the plan over time
define nursing, set standards for the nursing profession, and give guidance regarding the scope of practice issues; State Board of Nursing for each state; protecting those we care for.
Nurse Practice Acts
legal requirements for nursing practice that describe minimum acceptable nursing care; professional organizations through research and implementation of best practice
Standards of Care
concerned with providing protection for all members of society
Criminal Law
deal with a violation of one’s individual rights by another individual. Crimes are not committed. There is a dispute between individuals.
Civil Law
List Statutory Issues from the Federal Levels
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
- Mental Health Parity Act
- Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
- Health Information and Technology Act
List Statutory Issues from the State Levels
- Licensure
- Good Samaritan Laws
- Public Health Laws
- The Uniform Determination of Death Act
- Autopsy
- Death with Dignity or Physician-Assisted Suicide
The professional intends to do harm and does harm
Intentional Tort
Intent may not be there, but “direct cause” occurs
Quasi-Intentional Tort
Accidents, Negligence, or the omission of an act that a reasonable or prudent person would perform
Unintentional Tort
conduct that falls below the generally accepted standard of care of a reasonably prudent person
Negligence
Improper, illegal, or negligent professional activity or treatment
Malpractice
Tracking of the effectiveness of the body’s circulatory, respiratory, and neurological system functioning; all body systems working in harmony – ‘normal’ or acceptable values
Vital Signs
What are the measurements included in assessing vital signs?
- Temperature
- Pulse
- Oxygen
- Respiration
- Blood Pressure
When should the nurse measure vital signs?
When the surroundings and external factors won’t seem like they will affect measurements
What is the acceptable temperature range for oral/tympanic for an adult?
96.8-100.4
What is the acceptable temperature range for rectal for an adult?
99.5
What is the acceptable temperature range for axillary for an adult?
97.7
What is the acceptable range for pulse for an adult?
60 to 100bpm
What is the acceptable range of respirations for an adult?
12 to 20 breaths per minute
What is the acceptable blood pressure for an adult?
120/80
temperature of deep tissues
core temperature
temperature of skin outside the body
surface temperature
heat coming off the body
radiation
heat transferring from one thing to another
conduction
transfer of heat to something wet
convection
water evaporating into gas
evaporation
temperature variations over 24 hours
Circadian Rhythm
heat-loss mechanisms are unable to keep pace with excessive heat production, resulting in an abnormal rise in body temperature
Fever or Pyrexia
the hypothalamus point drops, initiating heat-loss responses
Febrile
when the fever breaks
Afebrile
an elevated body temperature related to the inability of the body to promote heat loss or reduce heat production
Hyperthermia
heat loss during prolonged exposure to cold overwhelms the ability to produce heat
Hypothermia
What are the most common causes for a fever?
Bacteria and Viruses
The number of heartbeats per minute
Pulse
an inefficient contraction of the ♡ that fails to transmit a pulse wave to the peripheral pulse site
Pulse Deficit
slow heartrate
bradycardia
abnormally elevated heartrate
tachycardia
an internal interruption by an early or late beat indicates abnormal rhythm
Dysrhythmia
when volume increases in an enclosed space such as blood vessel; the volume of the blood pumped into the hea rt and equals the result of SV times their HR per minute
Cardiac Output
What are the most common sites for assessing pulse rate?
Temporal, Carotid, Apical Pulse, Brachial, Radial, Femoral, Popliteal
What instrument is needed to asses an apical pulse?
stethoscope
When would you assess apical/radial pulses
vital signs
What is the normal pulse rate for a newborn baby?
130 (80-180)
What is the normal pulse rate for a 4 year old?
100 (75-120)
What is the normal pulse rate for a 10 year old?
70 (50-90)
What is the normal pulse rate for a 40 year old?
80 (60-100)
When assessing the character of the pulse, the nurse evaluates
R - Rate
R - Rhythm
S - Strength
E - Equality
normal breathing
eupnea
the respiratory process by which gases are moved into and out of the lungs
Ventilation
the state or process of being widely spread
Diffusion
pumps oxygenated blood to the tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Perfusion
sensation or shortness of breath
dyspnea
an abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand in order to breathe comfortably
orthopnea
absent breathing
apnea
slow breathing
bradypnea
fast breathing
tachypnea
What three factors are considered when assessing respiration?
Respiratory Rate, Ventilatory Depth, Ventilatory Rhythm
What is arterial oxygen saturation?
the amount of hemoglobin fully saturated with oxygen, given as a percent value
a measure of the pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arteries
Blood Pressure
the pressure of the blood as a result of contraction of the ventricles
systolic pressure
pressure when the ventricles are at rest - the lower pressure that is present at all times within the arteries
Diastolic Pressure
the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Pulse Pressure
thickening of walls, loosening of elasticity, unknown cause
hypertension
dilation of arteries; loss of blood volume, the decrease of blood flow to vital organs; orthostatic/postural
Hypotension
active, purposeful, organized, and cognitive process used to carefully examine one’s thinking and the thinking of other individuals
Critical Thinking
5 steps of the nursing process?
- Assessment
- Diagnosis (nursing)
- Planning
- Implementation
- Evaluation
The patient’s verbal description of their health problems
Subjective Data
the observations or measurements of a patient’s health status
objective data
the identification of a disease condition based on a specific evaluation of physical signs and symptoms, a patient’s medical history, and the results of the diagnostic tests and procedures
Medical Diagnosis
