General Psychology

Question 1

Founded 1st psychology lab, from Germany, was a physiologist and philosopher before he came a psychologist

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

Pioneered the study of learning, from Russia, was a physiologist before he became a psychologist

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

Personality theorist, from Austria, was a physician before he became a psychologist

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud

Question 4

Influential observer of children’s behavior, from Switzerland, was a biologist before he became a psychologist

Answer 4

Jean Piaget

Question 5

Published Principles of Psychology (the first textbook on psychology), from America, was a philosopher before he became a psychologist

Answer 5

William James

Question 6

the science of behavior and mental processes

Answer 6

psychology

Question 7

relative contribution of genes or experience to the development of psychological traits and behavior

Answer 7

Nature/Nurture Issue

Question 8

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Answer 8

Critical Thinking

Question 9

early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Answer 9

Structuralism

Question 10

early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function–how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Answer 10

Functionalism

Question 11

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

Answer 11

behaviorism

Question 12

historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential

Answer 12

Humanistic Psychology

Question 13

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

Answer 13

Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 14

the principle that those chance inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

Answer 14

Natural Selection

Question 15

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Answer 15

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 16

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Answer 16

Behavior Genetics

Question 17

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Answer 17

culture

Question 18

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Answer 18

positive psychology

Question 19

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

Answer 19

levels of analysis

Question 20

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Answer 20

biopsychosocial approach

Question 21

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Answer 21

basic research

Question 22

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Answer 22

applied research

Question 23

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

Answer 23

counseling psychology

Question 24

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Answer 24

clinical psychology

Question 25

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

Answer 25

psychiatry

Question 26

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

Answer 26

community psychology

Question 27

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Answer 27

intuition

Question 28

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Answer 28

hindsight bias

Question 29

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Answer 29

theory

Question 30

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Answer 30

hypothesis

Question 31

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study.

Answer 31

operational definition

Question 32

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

Answer 32

replication

Question 33

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Answer 33

case study

Question 34

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Answer 34

naturalistic observation

Question 35

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well wither factor predicts the other

Answer 35

correlation

Question 36

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)

Answer 36

correlation coefficient

Question 37

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

Answer 37

experiment group