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PT Elements > A&P Exam 4 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons and muscle cells which communicate with each other through APs

A

excitable cells

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2
Q

the difference in the amount of electrical charge on the inside of the cell membrane vs. the outside of the cell membrane

A

membrane potential (MP)

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3
Q

when excitable cells are “at rest” (not conducting APs)

A

Resting Membrane Potential (r-MP)

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4
Q

the difference in ion concentration between the intracellular vs. extracellular areas

A

chemical gradient

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5
Q

the difference in charge between the intracellular vs. extracellular areas

A

electrical gradient

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6
Q

the spread of electrical signal along the membrane of an excitable cell

A

propagation (conduction)

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7
Q

passive transport with no gates

A

leak channels (pores)

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8
Q

passive transport with gates

A

gated channels

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9
Q

what are the three types of gated channels?

A

voltage, ligand, and mechanical

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10
Q

active transport which requires ATP

A

ion pumps

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11
Q

leakiest channel

A

K+ leak channels

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12
Q

plasma membrane is more permeable to ____ than to _____

A

K+, Na+

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13
Q

channels that respond to MP change and help with generation/propagation of APs

A

voltage-gated channels

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14
Q

where are voltage gated channels primarily found

A

on the axon and axon hillock

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15
Q

what element is mostly found going through voltage gated channels

A

Na+

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16
Q

voltage gated channels are time sensitive, true or false?

A

true

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17
Q

channels that respond to specific chemical stimulus

A

ligand gated channels

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18
Q

where are ligand gated channels located?

A

dendrites, somas, and motor end plate

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19
Q

a molecule that binds to another (usually larger) molecule, usually hormones or neurotransmitters

A

ligand

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20
Q

channels that respond to mechanical deformation of the cell membrane

A

mechanically-gated ion channels

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21
Q

where are mechanically-gated ion channels found?

A

sensory receptor cells/ dendrites of sensory neurons

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22
Q

most important ion pump

A

sodium-potassium pump

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23
Q

sodium potassium pump pumps out _____ for every _____ it pumps in

A

3 Na+, 2 K+

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24
Q

resting r-MP value

A

-70mV

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25
Q

when the inner aspect of the cell membrane is negative compared to the outer aspect

A

polarized

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26
Q

intracellular cation

A

K+

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27
Q

extracellular cation

A

Na+

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28
Q

intracellular anions

A

phosphorus and proteins

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29
Q

extracellular anion

A

Cl-

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30
Q

peak millivolts reaches in response to an AP

A

30mV

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31
Q

axon hillock and initial segment of the axion; contains many voltage-gated Na+ channels

A

trigger zone

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32
Q

depolarizing on the membrane potential from -70mV to -55mV

A

threshold value

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33
Q

a rush of Na+ into the cell due to depolarization

A

Na+ influx

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34
Q

threshold value

A

-55mV

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35
Q

an AP is always of the same amplitude (+30mV) no matter the strength of the stimulus; stronger stimulus doesn’t equal a larger AP

A

All-Or-Nothing Principle

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36
Q

the change of the negative membrane potential to become positive

A

depolarizing phase

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37
Q

the restoring of a r-MP of -70mV for a membrane

A

repolarizing phase

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38
Q

the brief time after the repolarizing phase where the membrane potential is more negative than -70mV

A

hyperpolarizing phase

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39
Q

the time during the depolarizing/repolarizing phases when another AP cannot be generated

A

Absolute Refractory Period

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40
Q

the time during the hyperpolarization phase when an AP can only be generated if it is depolarized more positively than the typical threshold value

A

relative refractory period

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41
Q

the only type of stimuli which can generate an AP during the relative refractory period

A

suprathreshold stimulus

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42
Q

the step-by-step depolarization of each adjacent area of the plasma membrane (unmyelinated axons)

A

continuous conduction

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43
Q

when the AP jumps from node to node (myelinated axons)

A

saltatory conduction

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44
Q

the propagation speed of an AP which is determined by the fiber diameter and myelination of the fiber

A

conduction velocity

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45
Q

the membrane is at rest; voltage-gated Na+ channels are resting and voltage-gated K+ channels are closed

A

resting phase

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46
Q

voltage-gated Na+ channel activation gates are open (absolute refractory period)

A

depolarization phase

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47
Q

voltage-gated K+ channels are open; Na+ channels are inactivating (absolute refractory period)

A

repolarization phase

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48
Q

voltage-gated K+ channels are still open; Na+ channels are in the resting state

A

Hyperpolarization phase

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49
Q

a synapse that is either excitatory or inhibitory; most common type of synapse

A

chemical synapse

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50
Q

synapses where ionic current spreads directly from cell to cell through gap junctions; allows for faster communication; always excitatory

A

electrical synapse

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51
Q

a small deviation from the r-MP which makes the membrane either more or less polarized; occurs in the dendrites and somas of the neuron; localized; size based on stimulus strength

A

graded potential

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52
Q

the difference of electrical charges on the inside/outside of the cell

A

polarization

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53
Q

another name for graded potentials, because they synapse at the post-synaptic membrane

A

synaptic potentials

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54
Q

a neurotransmitter that brings that MP closer to threshold

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

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55
Q

the result of a graded potential which brings the membrane potential closer to threshold; not strong enough to initiate a nerve impulse

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

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56
Q

neurotransmitters that open ligand-gated ion channels, resulting in hyper polarization (making the MP more negative)

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

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57
Q

the result of a graded potential which makes the MP more negative

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

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58
Q

the process by which postsynaptic potentials are added together

A

summation

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59
Q

when multiple EPSPs are delivered along the same axon and thus, are staggered in time

A

temporal summation

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60
Q

when EPSPs come from different neurons and summate together

A

spatial summation

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61
Q

when the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than the threshold level of stimulation; does not generate a nerve impulse but does bring the membrane closer to threshold

A

subthreshold EPSP

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62
Q

there are about _____ known/suspected neurotransmitters

A

100

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63
Q

amino acid neurotransmitter; chief excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS

A

glutamate

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64
Q

amino acid neurotransmitter; chief inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS

A

GABA

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65
Q

monoamine neurotransmitter; “5-HT”

A

Serotonin

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66
Q

monoamine neurotransmitter; catecholamine; DA

A

dopamine

67
Q

monoamine neurotransmitter; catecholamine; Epi

A

Epinephrine

68
Q

monoamine neurotransmitter; catecholamine; NE

A

Norepinephrine

69
Q

name for dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

A

catecholamines

70
Q

gas neurotransmitter; NO

A

nitric oxide

71
Q

misc. neurotransmitter; ACh

A

acetylcholine

72
Q

a structure that can respond to a stimulus in the internal or external environment

A

sensory receptors

73
Q

graded potentials created by a sensory receptor are also called a…..

A

generator potential

74
Q

a specialized special cell that synapses with a sensory neuron

A

sensory cell

75
Q

sensory receptors are located on _____ and ______

A

dendrites of a primary sensory neuron; sensory cell

76
Q

the process in which the energy of a stimulus is converted into an electrical signal

A

sensory transduction

77
Q

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors

A

somatic sensory receptors

78
Q

chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

A

visceral sensory receptors

79
Q

a type of graded potential where the sensory receptor cell is also the primary afferent neuron and a change in membrane potential spreads along its membrane; only involves one receptor cell to receive and convert the stimulus

A

generator potentials

80
Q

a type of graded potentials where the sensory receptor is separate from the afferent neuron; the change in MP of the sensory receptor cell triggers the release of a neurotransmitter, initiating a graded potential, then an AP

A

receptor potentials

81
Q

receptors which convey information about the changes in information

A

dynamic receptors

82
Q

persistent receptors which convey information about the persistence of a stimulus

A

static receptors

83
Q

receptors which respond maximally but briefly to a stimulus; their response decreases if the stimulus is maintained

A

rapidly adapting

84
Q

receptors which keep firing as long as the stimulus is present

A

slowly adapting

85
Q

nerve endings that have unspecialized terminal branches of their dendrites e.g. nociceptors

A

free nerve endings

86
Q

cutaneous receptors which are encapsulated in order to determine the nature of the stimuli which they respond to e.g. pacinian corpuscles

A

encapsulated nerve endings

87
Q

receptors that respond to tissue-damaging stimuli such as heat/cold, pinpricks, chemicals/acids, etc.

A

nociceptors

88
Q

receptors which respond to normal ranges of temperature

A

thermoreceptors

89
Q

receptors which detect mechanical stimuli such as light tough, discriminatory touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration.

A

tactile mechanoreceptors

90
Q

what are the four main types of tactile mechanoreceptors?

A
  1. merkel’s discs
  2. meissner’s corpuscles
  3. ruffini’s corpuscles
  4. pacinian corpuscles
91
Q

tactile mechanoreceptor located in the dermal/epidermal junction which responds to sustained light touch; slow adapting

A

merkel’s disks

92
Q

tactile mechanoreceptor located in the papillary dermis which responds to fine touch; fast adapting

A

meissner’s corpuscles

93
Q

tactile mechanoreceptor located in the reticular dermis which responds to stretch; slow adapting

A

ruffini’s corpuscles

94
Q

tactile mechanoreceptor located in the deep dermis/hypodermis which responds to vibration; fast adapting

A

pacinian corpuscles

95
Q

receptors in the musculoskeletal system which sense kinesthesia; subcategories: muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

A

proprioceptor mechanoreceptors

96
Q

sense of limb position

A

kinesthesia

97
Q

proprioceptors located in the muscle tendon which detect muscle tension

A

golgi tendon organs

98
Q

visceral receptors which are responsive to distension (stretch), ischemia, and inflammation but don’t respond to pain such as burning or cutting

A

nociceptors

99
Q

visceral receptors which are located in blood vessel walls and sense blood pressure by sensing the tension of the aterial walls

A

baroreceptors

100
Q

visceral receptors which detect chemical stimuli such as oxygen, carbon, dioxide, glucose, or AAs

A

chemoreceptors

101
Q

visceral receptors which detect changes in osmotic pressure

A

osmoreceptors

102
Q

sense which consist of specialized sensory receptor cells that generate an electrical signal; sight, smell, taste, and hearing

A

special senses

103
Q

special sense with photoreceptor cells which contain rhodopsin (protein); physical energy –> electrical signals

A

sight

104
Q

special sense with odor receptor cells which contains proteins that bind to specific chemicals; chemical signal –> electrical signals

A

smell

105
Q

special sense with gustatory receptor cells which bind to chemicals; chemical signal –> electrical signals

A

taste

106
Q

special sense with hair cells in the inner ear which detect movement

A

hearing

107
Q

somatic receptors which perceive information from the skin and skeletal muscles and relay it to the CNS

A

somatosensory receptors

108
Q

when outgoing information is sent to a target cell which is a skeletal muscle; contains upper and lower motor neurons

A

somatomotor pathway

109
Q

when outgoing information is sent to a target cell which is a smooth/cardiac muscle cell or gland

A

autonomic motor pathway

110
Q

a bundle of axons in the PNS

A

nerve

111
Q

a bundle of axons in the CNS

A

tract

112
Q

pathways containing 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons

A

somatosensory pathway

113
Q

location of primary somatosensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus

114
Q

somatosensory input travel along _______ to the postcentral gyrus

A

ascending tracts

115
Q

location of 1st order neuron somas

A

dorsal root ganglion

116
Q

1st order and 2nd order neurons synapse in the ____

A

CNS

117
Q

2nd and 3rd order neurons synapse in the _____

A

thalamus

118
Q

2nd and 3rd order neurons are _____ neurons

A

multipolar

119
Q

2nd and 3rd order neurons are called _______, even tough they’re carrying afferent/sensory information

A

interneurons

120
Q

1st order neurons can also be called

A

primary afferent neuron

121
Q

3rd order neurons synapse in the ______

A

postcentral gyrus

122
Q

location of 3rd order neuron somas

A

thalamus

123
Q

both ATs lead to and through the

A

thalamus

124
Q

located in the posterior white column of the spinal cord and carries info about proprioception and 2-point discrimination

A

posterior column AT

125
Q

tract carrying information regarding pain, temperature, itch, and tickle (“emotionally loaded” sensation)

A

spinothalamic AT

126
Q

location of the primary motor area

A

precentral gyrus

127
Q

neurons located in the brain and spinal cord and decussate in the medulla oblongata

A

UMN (upper motor neuron)

128
Q

“crossing” such as in the medulla oblongata

A

deussation

129
Q

paralysis resulting from damage to the UMNs which results in tense, continually contracting muscles

A

spastic paralysis

130
Q

neurons whose somas are in the CNS but their axons extend to the skeletal muscles; “motor” neurons

A

LMN (lower motor neuron)

131
Q

paralysis due to damage to the LMNs which results in limp, uncontrollable muscles

A

flaccid paralysis

132
Q

a representation of a small human being based on what percent of the cerebral cortex each part of the body takes up

A

homunculus

133
Q

nervous system which regulates visceral activities by stimulating/inhibiting activities of cardiac/smooth muscle and glands; can’t be consciously controlled; includes the S-ANS, P-ANS, and ENS

A

ANS (autonomic nervous system)

134
Q

when a tissue is innervated by both S-ANS and P-ANS neurons

A

dual innervation

135
Q

primary ANS regulating centers are the ______ and ______

A

hypothalamus, medulla oblongata

136
Q

neurons whose somas are in the CNS and the axon extends out as a cranial/spinal nerve

A

preganglionic neurons

137
Q

S-ANS neurons extend out of the _______ ________

A

thoracic region

138
Q

P-ANS neurons extend out of the ____ _____ and ______ _______

A

brain stem and sacral region

139
Q

what do preganglionic neurons always release

A

ACh

140
Q

second neuron in the autonomic pathway; entirely outside the CNS; synapse with effector organ; unmyelinated; release ACh or NE; “ganglionic neurons”

A

postganglionic neurons

141
Q

postganglionic neurons release ________ or ________

A

ACh, NE

142
Q

found either in the sympathetic trunk or prevertebral ganglia and synapse with chromaffin cells

A

sympathetic ganglia

143
Q

a vertical row of ganglia on the left and right of the vertebral column

A

sympathetic trunk

144
Q

ganglia located anteriorly to the vertebral columnb

A

prevertebral ganglia

145
Q

ganglia found in the terminal ganglia or the intramural ganglia

A

parasympathetic ganglia

146
Q

ganglia located very near the effector organ

A

terminal ganglia

147
Q

ganglia located within the wall of the effector organ

A

intramural ganglia

148
Q

tangled networks of efferent ANS neurons; primary ones are the cardiac and pulmonary plexuses

A

autonomic plexuses

149
Q

release ACh; preganglionic neurons (S-ANS and P-ANS), P-NS postganglionic neurons, and somatic motor neurons

A

cholinergic neurons

150
Q

cholinergic neurons release _____

A

ACh

151
Q

release Epi or NE; S-ANS postganglionic neurons (release NE)

A

Adrenergic Neurons

152
Q

bind ACh, nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors

A

Cholinergic Receptors

153
Q

cholinergic receptors bind _____

A

ACh

154
Q

somatic receptors which cause excitation of the postsynaptic cell

A

nicotinic receptors

155
Q

visceral receptors which cause either excitatory or inhabitation depending on the cell

A

muscarinic receptors

156
Q

bind Ne or Epi; alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2

A

adrenergic receptors

157
Q

adrenergic receptors bind _____ or ______

A

Epi, NE

158
Q

receptor that causes vasoconstriction

A

Alpha-1 Receptor

159
Q

receptor that causes inhabitation of NE release

A

Alpha-2 Receptor

160
Q

receptor that causes tachycardia

A

beta-1 receptor

161
Q

receptor that causes vasodilation

A

beta-2 receptor

162
Q

a substance that binds to and activates a receptor, mimicking a natural neurotransmitter or hormone

A

agonist

163
Q

a substance that binds to and blocks a receptor, preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormone from working

A

antagonist

PT Elements (43 decks)

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