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Basics of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cell’s three principal parts?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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2
Q

a semi-fluid substance consisting of mostly water and also containing many dissolved solutes

A

cytosol

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3
Q

includes the cytosol and all the organelles

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

specialized structure that have characteristic shapes and perform specific functions for a cell

A

organelles

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5
Q

what are the specific functions the organelles perform?

A

cell growth, maintenance, and reproduction

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6
Q

organelles that are paired cylinders arranged at right angles to one another.

A

centrioles

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7
Q

what are centrioles made up of

A

microtubules

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8
Q

what do centrioles play a role in

A

spindle fiber formation

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9
Q

tiny spheres, consisting of two subunits

A

ribosomes

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10
Q

the large subunit is ___ and the small subunit is ___

A

60S and 40S

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11
Q

What are ribosomes associated with

A

the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

what’s another name for ribosomes

A

protein factories

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13
Q

why are ribosomes sometimes referred to as protein factories

A

because they are the site of protein synthesis within a cell

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14
Q

a network of membranes that form flattened sacs or tubules

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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15
Q

What does the ER do as a whole?

A

transports substances, synthesizes molecules, detoxifies chemicals, and releases Ca2+ involved in muscular contractions

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16
Q

part of the ER that is continuous with the nuclear membrane. Its outer surface is studded with ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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17
Q

part of the ER that extends from the rough ER to form a network of membranous tubules

A

smooth ER

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18
Q

several membrane sacs that are flattened and stacked

A

Golgi Body

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19
Q

other words for the Golgi Body

A

Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex

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20
Q

What is the principle function of the Golgi Body

A

to modify proteins, then sort and package the proteins into vesicles for transport either within the cell or to the extracellular space via exocytosis

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21
Q

the main site of digestion within the cell

A

Lysosomes

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22
Q

tiny vesicles that form from the Golgi body and contain powerful digestive enzymes

A

lysosomes

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23
Q

what are the powerful digestive enzymes that lysosomes contain called

A

acid hydrolases

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24
Q

What is cellular digestion used for

A

to break down intracellular components and digest unwanted extracellular substances that were brought into the cell

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25
Does the mitochondria have a single or double membrane
double membrane
26
what does the inner mitochondrial membrane look like
Numerous folds
27
what does the outer mitochondrial membrane look like
relatively smooth and straight
28
What is the space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria called
intermembrane space
29
Where is most of the cell's ATP synthesized
Mitochondria
30
a network of several kinds of protein that extend through the cytosol, providing a structural framework for the cell and aiding in cellular movement
Cytoskeleton
31
What are the proteins included in the cytoskeleton
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
32
numerous, short, hair-like projections that extend from the surface of a cell and function to move material along the cell's surface
cilia
33
Does cilia move liquid/particles along the surface of the cell or into the cell
along the surface of the cell
34
similar to cilia, but are singly and much longer
flagella
35
what is the role of flagella
moving an entire cell
36
what is a natural occurring example of flagellum in the human body
tail of the mature sperm
37
where are flagella commonly seen
in bacterial cells
38
what is the most prominent feature of a cell
the nucleus
39
which organelle houses the cell's hereditary material
nucleus
40
cells that have more than one nucleus
multinucleated cells
41
what are the two types of multinucleated cells
skeletal muscle cells and anucleatic cells
42
what is a anucleatic cell
a cell without a nucleus
43
what is the membrane like around the nucleus
a double membrane
44
what is the double membrane around the nucleus called
the nuclear envelope
45
what are the channels that the nuclear envelope is perforated by called
nuclear pores
46
specific region within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are synthesized
nucleolus
47
where are chromosomes housed
the nucleus
48
What are somatic cells
"body cells"
49
Every cell in our body is a somatic cells except for which two?
Germ cells and gametes
50
how many pairs of chromosomes does a human somatic cell have
23 pairs
51
specialized cells within the gonads
germ cells
52
what does the gonads contain
ovaries and testes
53
What do germ cells do
they produce gametes
54
what are gametes
egg and sperm
55
How many pairs of chromosomes do GERM cells have
23 pairs
56
how many chromosomes do gametes have
only 1 pair of each chromosome
57
organized profile of all 46 chromosomes within an indivudal's cells
karyotype
58
The __ is above the invisible straight line and the __ is below it
P arm and Q arm
59
all the non-sex chromosomes are called
autosomes
60
the pair of chromosomes that determine the gender of an individual
sex chromosomes
61
What sex chromosomes pair do you have if you're a female
XX
62
What sex chromosomes pair do you have if you're a male
XY
63
the pinched part of the chromosome, as pictured on the karyotype is called what
centromere
64
2 chromosomes that are paired together because they carry the same type of genes
Homologous Pairs
65
Each chromosome in a homologous pair of chromosomes is called a _________
homologue
66
What are the three possible destinies of a cell
1. To remain alive and function w/o dividing 2. To grow and divide 3. to die
67
genetically programmed cell death
apoptosis
68
cell death due to disease, injury, or lack of blood flow
necrosis
69
the main energy-releasing pathway leading to ATP formation in eukaryotes
Aerobic Respiration
70
respiration that can release only small quantities of energy
anaerobic respiration
71
what is an example of anaerobic respiration
fermentation
72
What do both of the energy-releasing pathways begin with
glycolysis
73
the breakdown of 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules
Glycolysis
74
glycolysis occurs in the _____ of the cells
cytoplasm
75
What is the breakdown of the Kreb Cycle
Acetyl CoA --> CO2 and H2O
76
Metabolic pathways should be thought of as
porus
77
Where is glycogen made and stored
the liver and muscle
78
the presence of glycogen in muscle cells allows ___ to be produced quickly during excercise
ATP
79
______ is broken down by various enzymes within cells.
Protein
80
Which lipid contributes to cell membrane flexibility and is a precursor of steroid hormones
Cholesterol
81
What does the synthesis of cholesterol start with
Acetyl CoA
82
what lipid is a form of long term energy storage in animals
Triglycerides
83
In comparison to carbohydrates, how much energy do triglycerides store
twice as much
84
what are triglycerides made of
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
85
What does DNA consist of
two anti-parallel strands of nucleotides twisted together in a double helix
86
a specific region along the DNA that codes for a specific protein
gene
87
What are the two steps in getting from DNA to proteins
transcription and translation
88
in transcription, sections of DNA are used as templates to produce ___ ________
RNA transcripts
89
where does transcription occur
the nucleus
90
In translation, the RNA transcripts are used as templates for _____ ______
protein assembly
91
where does translation occur
the cytoplasm by ribosomes
92
What three types of RNA are needed for protein synthesis
Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA
93
When does translation begin
when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region
94
What does the RNA polymerase do after binding to a promoter region
moves along the entire length of the DNA gene, adding nucleotide bases to the growing mRNA molecule
95
Why can't mRNA be used right when it's formed
It needs to be modified before leaving the nucleus
96
introns =
interrupt
97
exons =
expressed
98
non-coding (introns) are ____
snipped out from the unfinished transcript of mRNA
99
actual coding regions are ____
spliced together on the unfinished transcript of mRNA
100
Shorter version of the mRNA process after it has been formed
snipped, capped, tailed
101
includes all the instructions of a gene that instructs a cell how to make a specific protein
Genetic Code
102
What is the mRNA transcript
a linear sequence of nucleotides
103
triplets on the mRNA are known as
codons
104
why are codons called codons
they code for a particular AA or for a stop signal during translation
105
How many codons code for an AA
61
106
how many of the codons serve as stop signals
3
107
"T shaped" molecule used to transport AAs
tRNA
108
how many tRNAs are there
61
109
Each tRNA contains an __________ that corresponds to the mRNA codon
anti-codon
110
each tRNA picks up its AA from a pool of _________ and carries it to the corresponding area on the _____ ___
free-floating AAs ; mRNA transcript
111
a minor exception to the rules of codon:anti-codon complimentary base-pairing
Wobble Effect
112
what does the Wobble Effect allow for
it allows for some latitude in the 3rd anticodon position.
113
rRNA are key components of _______
ribosomes (rRNA is ribosomal RNA)
114
Once the polypeptide chain is synthesized, the ribosomal subunits __________
disassociate
115
process by which tRNA/Ribosome/mRNA complex is formed
Initation
116
process by which the polypeptide chain lengthens
Elongation
117
the process by which the polypeptide chain is released from the RNA transcript.
Termination
118
what is the sequence of aggregation for initiation
initiator tRNA + small ribosomal subunit + mRNA + large ribosomal subunit
119
what defines the reading frame for elongation
the start codon
120
a caravan of tRNA delivers AAs in the approprate sequence vis __________ _______
codon-anticodon matching
121
What happens when a stop codon is reached
the polypeptide chain is released into the cytoplasm
122
all polypeptide chains begin with the AA methionine from the codon ___
AUG

PT Elements (43 decks)

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