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PT Elements > Basics of the Cell > Flashcards

Basics of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cell’s three principal parts?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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2
Q

a semi-fluid substance consisting of mostly water and also containing many dissolved solutes

A

cytosol

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3
Q

includes the cytosol and all the organelles

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

specialized structure that have characteristic shapes and perform specific functions for a cell

A

organelles

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5
Q

what are the specific functions the organelles perform?

A

cell growth, maintenance, and reproduction

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6
Q

organelles that are paired cylinders arranged at right angles to one another.

A

centrioles

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7
Q

what are centrioles made up of

A

microtubules

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8
Q

what do centrioles play a role in

A

spindle fiber formation

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9
Q

tiny spheres, consisting of two subunits

A

ribosomes

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10
Q

the large subunit is ___ and the small subunit is ___

A

60S and 40S

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11
Q

What are ribosomes associated with

A

the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

what’s another name for ribosomes

A

protein factories

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13
Q

why are ribosomes sometimes referred to as protein factories

A

because they are the site of protein synthesis within a cell

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14
Q

a network of membranes that form flattened sacs or tubules

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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15
Q

What does the ER do as a whole?

A

transports substances, synthesizes molecules, detoxifies chemicals, and releases Ca2+ involved in muscular contractions

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16
Q

part of the ER that is continuous with the nuclear membrane. Its outer surface is studded with ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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17
Q

part of the ER that extends from the rough ER to form a network of membranous tubules

A

smooth ER

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18
Q

several membrane sacs that are flattened and stacked

A

Golgi Body

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19
Q

other words for the Golgi Body

A

Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex

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20
Q

What is the principle function of the Golgi Body

A

to modify proteins, then sort and package the proteins into vesicles for transport either within the cell or to the extracellular space via exocytosis

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21
Q

the main site of digestion within the cell

A

Lysosomes

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22
Q

tiny vesicles that form from the Golgi body and contain powerful digestive enzymes

A

lysosomes

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23
Q

what are the powerful digestive enzymes that lysosomes contain called

A

acid hydrolases

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24
Q

What is cellular digestion used for

A

to break down intracellular components and digest unwanted extracellular substances that were brought into the cell

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25
Q

Does the mitochondria have a single or double membrane

A

double membrane

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26
Q

what does the inner mitochondrial membrane look like

A

Numerous folds

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27
Q

what does the outer mitochondrial membrane look like

A

relatively smooth and straight

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28
Q

What is the space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria called

A

intermembrane space

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29
Q

Where is most of the cell’s ATP synthesized

A

Mitochondria

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30
Q

a network of several kinds of protein that extend through the cytosol, providing a structural framework for the cell and aiding in cellular movement

A

Cytoskeleton

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31
Q

What are the proteins included in the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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32
Q

numerous, short, hair-like projections that extend from the surface of a cell and function to move material along the cell’s surface

A

cilia

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33
Q

Does cilia move liquid/particles along the surface of the cell or into the cell

A

along the surface of the cell

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34
Q

similar to cilia, but are singly and much longer

A

flagella

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35
Q

what is the role of flagella

A

moving an entire cell

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36
Q

what is a natural occurring example of flagellum in the human body

A

tail of the mature sperm

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37
Q

where are flagella commonly seen

A

in bacterial cells

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38
Q

what is the most prominent feature of a cell

A

the nucleus

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39
Q

which organelle houses the cell’s hereditary material

A

nucleus

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40
Q

cells that have more than one nucleus

A

multinucleated cells

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41
Q

what are the two types of multinucleated cells

A

skeletal muscle cells and anucleatic cells

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42
Q

what is a anucleatic cell

A

a cell without a nucleus

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43
Q

what is the membrane like around the nucleus

A

a double membrane

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44
Q

what is the double membrane around the nucleus called

A

the nuclear envelope

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45
Q

what are the channels that the nuclear envelope is perforated by called

A

nuclear pores

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46
Q

specific region within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are synthesized

A

nucleolus

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47
Q

where are chromosomes housed

A

the nucleus

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48
Q

What are somatic cells

A

“body cells”

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49
Q

Every cell in our body is a somatic cells except for which two?

A

Germ cells and gametes

50
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes does a human somatic cell have

A

23 pairs

51
Q

specialized cells within the gonads

A

germ cells

52
Q

what does the gonads contain

A

ovaries and testes

53
Q

What do germ cells do

A

they produce gametes

54
Q

what are gametes

A

egg and sperm

55
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do GERM cells have

A

23 pairs

56
Q

how many chromosomes do gametes have

A

only 1 pair of each chromosome

57
Q

organized profile of all 46 chromosomes within an indivudal’s cells

A

karyotype

58
Q

The __ is above the invisible straight line and the __ is below it

A

P arm and Q arm

59
Q

all the non-sex chromosomes are called

A

autosomes

60
Q

the pair of chromosomes that determine the gender of an individual

A

sex chromosomes

61
Q

What sex chromosomes pair do you have if you’re a female

A

XX

62
Q

What sex chromosomes pair do you have if you’re a male

A

XY

63
Q

the pinched part of the chromosome, as pictured on the karyotype is called what

A

centromere

64
Q

2 chromosomes that are paired together because they carry the same type of genes

A

Homologous Pairs

65
Q

Each chromosome in a homologous pair of chromosomes is called a _________

A

homologue

66
Q

What are the three possible destinies of a cell

A
  1. To remain alive and function w/o dividing
  2. To grow and divide
  3. to die
67
Q

genetically programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

68
Q

cell death due to disease, injury, or lack of blood flow

A

necrosis

69
Q

the main energy-releasing pathway leading to ATP formation in eukaryotes

A

Aerobic Respiration

70
Q

respiration that can release only small quantities of energy

A

anaerobic respiration

71
Q

what is an example of anaerobic respiration

A

fermentation

72
Q

What do both of the energy-releasing pathways begin with

A

glycolysis

73
Q

the breakdown of 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules

A

Glycolysis

74
Q

glycolysis occurs in the _____ of the cells

A

cytoplasm

75
Q

What is the breakdown of the Kreb Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA –> CO2 and H2O

76
Q

Metabolic pathways should be thought of as

A

porus

77
Q

Where is glycogen made and stored

A

the liver and muscle

78
Q

the presence of glycogen in muscle cells allows ___ to be produced quickly during excercise

A

ATP

79
Q

______ is broken down by various enzymes within cells.

A

Protein

80
Q

Which lipid contributes to cell membrane flexibility and is a precursor of steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

81
Q

What does the synthesis of cholesterol start with

A

Acetyl CoA

82
Q

what lipid is a form of long term energy storage in animals

A

Triglycerides

83
Q

In comparison to carbohydrates, how much energy do triglycerides store

A

twice as much

84
Q

what are triglycerides made of

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

85
Q

What does DNA consist of

A

two anti-parallel strands of nucleotides twisted together in a double helix

86
Q

a specific region along the DNA that codes for a specific protein

A

gene

87
Q

What are the two steps in getting from DNA to proteins

A

transcription and translation

88
Q

in transcription, sections of DNA are used as templates to produce ___ ________

A

RNA transcripts

89
Q

where does transcription occur

A

the nucleus

90
Q

In translation, the RNA transcripts are used as templates for _____ ______

A

protein assembly

91
Q

where does translation occur

A

the cytoplasm by ribosomes

92
Q

What three types of RNA are needed for protein synthesis

A

Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA

93
Q

When does translation begin

A

when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region

94
Q

What does the RNA polymerase do after binding to a promoter region

A

moves along the entire length of the DNA gene, adding nucleotide bases to the growing mRNA molecule

95
Q

Why can’t mRNA be used right when it’s formed

A

It needs to be modified before leaving the nucleus

96
Q

introns =

A

interrupt

97
Q

exons =

A

expressed

98
Q

non-coding (introns) are ____

A

snipped out from the unfinished transcript of mRNA

99
Q

actual coding regions are ____

A

spliced together on the unfinished transcript of mRNA

100
Q

Shorter version of the mRNA process after it has been formed

A

snipped, capped, tailed

101
Q

includes all the instructions of a gene that instructs a cell how to make a specific protein

A

Genetic Code

102
Q

What is the mRNA transcript

A

a linear sequence of nucleotides

103
Q

triplets on the mRNA are known as

A

codons

104
Q

why are codons called codons

A

they code for a particular AA or for a stop signal during translation

105
Q

How many codons code for an AA

A

61

106
Q

how many of the codons serve as stop signals

A

3

107
Q

“T shaped” molecule used to transport AAs

A

tRNA

108
Q

how many tRNAs are there

A

61

109
Q

Each tRNA contains an __________ that corresponds to the mRNA codon

A

anti-codon

110
Q

each tRNA picks up its AA from a pool of _________ and carries it to the corresponding area on the _____ ___

A

free-floating AAs ; mRNA transcript

111
Q

a minor exception to the rules of codon:anti-codon complimentary base-pairing

A

Wobble Effect

112
Q

what does the Wobble Effect allow for

A

it allows for some latitude in the 3rd anticodon position.

113
Q

rRNA are key components of _______

A

ribosomes (rRNA is ribosomal RNA)

114
Q

Once the polypeptide chain is synthesized, the ribosomal subunits __________

A

disassociate

115
Q

process by which tRNA/Ribosome/mRNA complex is formed

A

Initation

116
Q

process by which the polypeptide chain lengthens

A

Elongation

117
Q

the process by which the polypeptide chain is released from the RNA transcript.

A

Termination

118
Q

what is the sequence of aggregation for initiation

A

initiator tRNA + small ribosomal subunit + mRNA + large ribosomal subunit

119
Q

what defines the reading frame for elongation

A

the start codon

120
Q

a caravan of tRNA delivers AAs in the approprate sequence vis __________ _______

A

codon-anticodon matching

121
Q

What happens when a stop codon is reached

A

the polypeptide chain is released into the cytoplasm

122
Q

all polypeptide chains begin with the AA methionine from the codon ___

A

AUG

PT Elements (43 decks)

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