Outline of disease process of cancer Flashcards
What are the different types of cancer cells
Epithelial- 85% of cancers/squamous/carcinomas
Mesoderm- bone/muscle/sarcomas
Glandular- breast/lung/oesophagus/adenocarcinomas
What do inflammatory cells provide?
Provide growth factors that promote angeogenesis and invasion
What is used by cancer cells to redirect energy
Aerobic glycolysis
What is the difference between somatic and germline mutations
Somatic- common and aquired
Germline- hereditary
What are the different mechanisms of metastasis
Monoclonal
Polyclonal
What are the different metastasis patterns
Linear
Branched
What is EMT (Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition)
Conversion of epithelial cells->mesenchymal cells
Move and invade their local environment
Reversible process
Where does EMT occur
Embryogenesis
Cancer metastasis
What are the different stages of metastasis
Invastion
Intravasion
Transport
Extravastion
Colonisation
What occurs in invasion
EMT begins with signal from tumour stroma
Stimulates kinase receptors
Triggers MAPK pathway
What are the components involved in invasion
Cell Adhesion molecules- E-Cadherins & Catenins
Integrins- enables cells to become mobile
Proteases- Make pathway through ECM
What do matrix metalloproteins do
Contribute to loss of cell junctions
What does intravasion involve
Means entry into blood/lymphatics
Tumour cells attach to basement membrane
MMP & serin proteases degrade basement membrane
Tumour cells go through endothelial cells into blood
What are circulating tumour cells?
tumour cells in blood stream
What does extravasion involve
Exit of tumour cells from blood->tissues
Tumour cells stuck in capillaries
Degrade basement membrane & ,migrate to stroma
What is E-selectin
Part of extravasion
Calcium dependant receptor
Enables attachment of cancer to blood vessel surface
Creates passage through endothelium
What does colonisation involve
Needs to be favourable env. to colonise
Tumour must enable angiogenesis
What are the anti/pro angiogenic factors
Anti- Statins
p53
thrombospondin
Pro - VEGF
Growth factors
What is an example of an angiogenic inducer
VEGF
Must be phosphorylated to activate
What are the role of angiogenic inhibitors
Help regulate angiogenesis
What is the process of angiogenic inhibitors
Plasminogen cleaved to Angiostatin
Endostatin blocks MAPK pathway
Concomitant resistance enables growth in distant metastasis
More in next flash cards for this process
What is the angiogenic switch controlled by
Hypoxia
What environment do tumours create
Hypoxic environment
Activating HIF1 alpha and beta
Triggering VEGF
Drug that inhibits angiogenesis
TKI afatinib
