Life at the Cellular Level Flashcards
What 3 parts of a cell do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Cell membrane
What are characteristics of prokaryotic cells
Bacteria
Lack nuclear membrane
No membrane bound organelles
What are characteristics of Eukaryotic cells
Animals, plants, fungi,etc
Contains: - nucleus with membrane
- membrane bound organelles
What does the plasma membrane consist of
Phospholipid bilayer
Selective barrier
Contains: proteins which detect chemical messengers and signalling molecules in ECF
What is the cytoskeletons purpose
Maintains cell shape
Internal cell order
Intracellular transport
Movement
Assembly of cells -
MITAS
What is the nucleus
Contains DNA
Enclosed in nuclear membrane
What are nucleoli
Sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and assembly
contained in nucleus
What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and their functions
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - contains ribosomes
- Ribosomes synthesise proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:
No ribosomes
Lipid and steroid hormone production
Metabolism of toxins
Function of Golgi Apparatus
Packages and transports proteins out of the cell
Characteristics of mitochondria
Contains two membranes
Outer membrane - contains pores
Inner membrane - contains cristae
Contain own circular DNA
Self replicate
Own ribosomes
What is a lysosome
Degradative enzymes
Digest biological material.
Digest engulfed particles
What are Peroxisomal enzymes
Degrade long-chain fatty acids
Degrade foreign toxic material
Break hydrogen peroxide protecting the cell
What is the difference between multipotent and pluripotent
Multipotent - differentiate into many cell types
Pluripotent - differentiate into any cell type
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis
Apoptosis - programmed cell death
Necrosis - Untimely cell death
What are characteristics of cancer
Divide without control
Main molecules in the body
H, C, N, O
What are the characteristics of C=C bonds
Rigid
Two configurations: cis and trans
Cis: group on same side
Trans: bind on opposite sides
Why are single c-c bonds different to C=C bonds
Freedom of rotation single bonds
What is a redox reaction
OIL - Oxidation is loss
RIG - Reduction is gain
What is the reducing and oxidising agents between NADH and NAD+
NADH reducing
NAD+ oxidising
What are condensation and hydrolysis reactions
Condensation -
2 smaller molecules add up to larger molecule
Releases water
Hydrolysis - breaking larger molecule to smaller units using water
What is the structure in DNA and RNA
Contain phosphate, sugar and base
Nucleic acids linked by 3’, 5’ phosphodiester bonds
Difference in structure of DNA and RNA
DNA: contains deoxyribose sugar
2 strands
AT CG
RNA: ribose sugar
only 1 strand
AU CG
What does more unsaturated bonds in FA cause
FA more fluid
What is a hydrophilic molecule
Molecule that dissolves in water (water loving)
They are polar
Hydrophobic molecule
Do not dissolve in water
Dissolve in lipid
What is an amphipathic molecule
Contain hydrophobic regions on inside
Hydrophilic regions on outside
Is a phospolipid amphipathic
YES
Contains hydrophilic phosphate head
Hydrophobic fatty tail
WATER LOVES HEAD
What transports lipids around the body
Chylomicron
What are buffers
Weak acids and bases
Partially dissociate
Resist changes to pH
Where is the phosphate buffer system located
cytoplasm
Where is the bicarbonate buffer system
Plasma of blood
What effects bicarbonate buffer system
Lung: change CO2 levels
Kidney
Look at slide
Difference between acidosis and alkalosis
Higher H+ produces acidosis
Lower H+ produces alkalosis
How does acidosis and alkalosis occur
Acidosis: increase in CO2
Decrease in Hc03
Alkalosis: Decrease in CO2
Increase in HC03
What is metabolism
All chemical reactions that take place in an organism
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism
Catabolism: reactions that release energy through breakdown of large molecules
Anabolism: Synthesis of large bio-molecules
Uses energy
What are the processes of ATP, ADP, NADP+, NADPH
ATP -> ADP releases free energy, catabolic process
ADP -> ATP anabolic
NADP+ -> NADPH anabolic
NADPH -> NADP+ catabolic
Describe the cell surface projections supported by the cytoskeleton.
Cilia are short, usually many present move with stiff power stroke and flexible recovery stroke.
Flagella are longer, usually one or two present, movement is snakelike.
