Life at the Cellular Level

Question 1

What 3 parts of a cell do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain

Answer 1

Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Cell membrane

Question 2

What are characteristics of prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

Bacteria
Lack nuclear membrane
No membrane bound organelles

Question 3

What are characteristics of Eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

Animals, plants, fungi,etc
Contains: - nucleus with membrane
- membrane bound organelles

Question 4

What does the plasma membrane consist of

Answer 4

Phospholipid bilayer
Selective barrier
Contains: proteins which detect chemical messengers and signalling molecules in ECF

Question 5

What is the cytoskeletons purpose

Answer 5

Maintains cell shape
Internal cell order
Intracellular transport
Movement
Assembly of cells -

MITAS

Question 6

What is the nucleus

Answer 6

Contains DNA
Enclosed in nuclear membrane

Question 7

What are nucleoli

Answer 7

Sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and assembly
contained in nucleus

Question 8

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and their functions

Answer 8

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - contains ribosomes
- Ribosomes synthesise proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:
No ribosomes
Lipid and steroid hormone production
Metabolism of toxins

Question 9

Function of Golgi Apparatus

Answer 9

Packages and transports proteins out of the cell

Question 10

Characteristics of mitochondria

Answer 10

Contains two membranes
Outer membrane - contains pores
Inner membrane - contains cristae
Contain own circular DNA
Self replicate
Own ribosomes

Question 11

What is a lysosome

Answer 11

Degradative enzymes
Digest biological material.
Digest engulfed particles

Question 12

What are Peroxisomal enzymes

Answer 12

Degrade long-chain fatty acids
Degrade foreign toxic material
Break hydrogen peroxide protecting the cell

Question 13

What is the difference between multipotent and pluripotent

Answer 13

Multipotent - differentiate into many cell types
Pluripotent - differentiate into any cell type

Question 14

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis

Answer 14

Apoptosis - programmed cell death
Necrosis - Untimely cell death

Question 15

What are characteristics of cancer

Answer 15

Divide without control

Question 16

Main molecules in the body

Answer 16

H, C, N, O

Question 17

What are the characteristics of C=C bonds

Answer 17

Rigid
Two configurations: cis and trans
Cis: group on same side
Trans: bind on opposite sides

Question 18

Why are single c-c bonds different to C=C bonds

Answer 18

Freedom of rotation single bonds

Question 19

What is a redox reaction

Answer 19

OIL - Oxidation is loss
RIG - Reduction is gain

Question 20

What is the reducing and oxidising agents between NADH and NAD+

Answer 20

NADH reducing
NAD+ oxidising

Question 21

What are condensation and hydrolysis reactions

Answer 21

Condensation -
2 smaller molecules add up to larger molecule
Releases water
Hydrolysis - breaking larger molecule to smaller units using water

Question 22

What is the structure in DNA and RNA

Answer 22

Contain phosphate, sugar and base
Nucleic acids linked by 3’, 5’ phosphodiester bonds

Question 23

Difference in structure of DNA and RNA

Answer 23

DNA: contains deoxyribose sugar
2 strands
AT CG
RNA: ribose sugar
only 1 strand
AU CG

Question 24

What does more unsaturated bonds in FA cause

Answer 24

FA more fluid

Question 25

What is a hydrophilic molecule

Answer 25

Molecule that dissolves in water (water loving) They are polar

Question 26

Hydrophobic molecule

Answer 26

Do not dissolve in water Dissolve in lipid

Question 27

What is an amphipathic molecule

Answer 27

Contain hydrophobic regions on inside Hydrophilic regions on outside

Question 28

Is a phospolipid amphipathic

Answer 28

YES Contains hydrophilic phosphate head Hydrophobic fatty tail WATER LOVES HEAD

Question 29

What transports lipids around the body

Answer 29

Chylomicron

Question 30

What are buffers

Answer 30

Weak acids and bases Partially dissociate Resist changes to pH

Question 31

Where is the phosphate buffer system located

Answer 31

cytoplasm

Question 32

Where is the bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 32

Plasma of blood

Question 33

What effects bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 33

Lung: change CO2 levels Kidney

Question 34

Look at slide

Answer 34

Question 35

Difference between acidosis and alkalosis

Answer 35

Higher H+ produces acidosis Lower H+ produces alkalosis

Question 36

How does acidosis and alkalosis occur

Answer 36

Acidosis: increase in CO2 Decrease in Hc03 Alkalosis: Decrease in CO2 Increase in HC03

Question 37

What is metabolism

Answer 37

All chemical reactions that take place in an organism

Question 38

What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism

Answer 38

Catabolism: reactions that release energy through breakdown of large molecules Anabolism: Synthesis of large bio-molecules Uses energy

Question 39

What are the processes of ATP, ADP, NADP+, NADPH

Answer 39

ATP -> ADP releases free energy, catabolic process ADP -> ATP anabolic NADP+ -> NADPH anabolic NADPH -> NADP+ catabolic

Question 40

Describe the cell surface projections supported by the cytoskeleton.

Answer 40

Cilia are short, usually many present move with stiff power stroke and flexible recovery stroke. Flagella are longer, usually one or two present, movement is snakelike.