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semester 1 > Life at the Cellular Level > Flashcards

Life at the Cellular Level Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 parts of a cell do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain

A

Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Cell membrane

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2
Q

What are characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria
Lack nuclear membrane
No membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

What are characteristics of Eukaryotic cells

A

Animals, plants, fungi,etc
Contains: - nucleus with membrane
- membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

What does the plasma membrane consist of

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Selective barrier
Contains: proteins which detect chemical messengers and signalling molecules in ECF

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5
Q

What is the cytoskeletons purpose

A

Maintains cell shape
Internal cell order
Intracellular transport
Movement
Assembly of cells -

MITAS

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6
Q

What is the nucleus

A

Contains DNA
Enclosed in nuclear membrane

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7
Q

What are nucleoli

A

Sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and assembly
contained in nucleus

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8
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and their functions

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - contains ribosomes
- Ribosomes synthesise proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:
No ribosomes
Lipid and steroid hormone production
Metabolism of toxins

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9
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A

Packages and transports proteins out of the cell

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10
Q

Characteristics of mitochondria

A

Contains two membranes
Outer membrane - contains pores
Inner membrane - contains cristae
Contain own circular DNA
Self replicate
Own ribosomes

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11
Q

What is a lysosome

A

Degradative enzymes
Digest biological material.
Digest engulfed particles

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12
Q

What are Peroxisomal enzymes

A

Degrade long-chain fatty acids
Degrade foreign toxic material
Break hydrogen peroxide protecting the cell

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13
Q

What is the difference between multipotent and pluripotent

A

Multipotent - differentiate into many cell types
Pluripotent - differentiate into any cell type

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14
Q

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis

A

Apoptosis - programmed cell death
Necrosis - Untimely cell death

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15
Q

What are characteristics of cancer

A

Divide without control

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16
Q

Main molecules in the body

A

H, C, N, O

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of C=C bonds

A

Rigid
Two configurations: cis and trans
Cis: group on same side
Trans: bind on opposite sides

18
Q

Why are single c-c bonds different to C=C bonds

A

Freedom of rotation single bonds

19
Q

What is a redox reaction

A

OIL - Oxidation is loss
RIG - Reduction is gain

20
Q

What is the reducing and oxidising agents between NADH and NAD+

A

NADH reducing
NAD+ oxidising

21
Q

What are condensation and hydrolysis reactions

A

Condensation -
2 smaller molecules add up to larger molecule
Releases water
Hydrolysis - breaking larger molecule to smaller units using water

22
Q

What is the structure in DNA and RNA

A

Contain phosphate, sugar and base
Nucleic acids linked by 3’, 5’ phosphodiester bonds

23
Q

Difference in structure of DNA and RNA

A

DNA: contains deoxyribose sugar
2 strands
AT CG
RNA: ribose sugar
only 1 strand
AU CG

24
Q

What does more unsaturated bonds in FA cause

A

FA more fluid

25
Q

What is a hydrophilic molecule

A

Molecule that dissolves in water (water loving)
They are polar

26
Q

Hydrophobic molecule

A

Do not dissolve in water
Dissolve in lipid

27
Q

What is an amphipathic molecule

A

Contain hydrophobic regions on inside
Hydrophilic regions on outside

28
Q

Is a phospolipid amphipathic

A

YES
Contains hydrophilic phosphate head
Hydrophobic fatty tail
WATER LOVES HEAD

29
Q

What transports lipids around the body

A

Chylomicron

30
Q

What are buffers

A

Weak acids and bases
Partially dissociate
Resist changes to pH

31
Q

Where is the phosphate buffer system located

A

cytoplasm

32
Q

Where is the bicarbonate buffer system

A

Plasma of blood

33
Q

What effects bicarbonate buffer system

A

Lung: change CO2 levels
Kidney

34
Q

Look at slide

A
35
Q

Difference between acidosis and alkalosis

A

Higher H+ produces acidosis
Lower H+ produces alkalosis

36
Q

How does acidosis and alkalosis occur

A

Acidosis: increase in CO2
Decrease in Hc03
Alkalosis: Decrease in CO2
Increase in HC03

37
Q

What is metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that take place in an organism

38
Q

What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism

A

Catabolism: reactions that release energy through breakdown of large molecules
Anabolism: Synthesis of large bio-molecules
Uses energy

39
Q

What are the processes of ATP, ADP, NADP+, NADPH

A

ATP -> ADP releases free energy, catabolic process
ADP -> ATP anabolic
NADP+ -> NADPH anabolic
NADPH -> NADP+ catabolic

40
Q

Describe the cell surface projections supported by the cytoskeleton.

A

Cilia are short, usually many present move with stiff power stroke and flexible recovery stroke.
Flagella are longer, usually one or two present, movement is snakelike.

semester 1 (65 decks)

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