Autonomic Physiology 2

Question 1

What is the effect of adrenaline on alpha receptors in the eye?

Answer 1

Makes radial muscles contract, increasing the size of the pupil

Question 2

What is the effect of noradrenaline on beta 2 receptors in the eye?

Answer 2

Makes the ciliary muscles relax, making the eye focus further away

Question 3

What is the effect of acetylcholine on the muscarinic ciliary muscle receptor within the eye?

Answer 3

Makes the ciliary muscle contract, so the eye now focusses closer.

Question 4

What is the effect of acetylcholine on the muscarinic receptors in the sphincter muscle?

Answer 4

Makes the sphincter muscles contract, making the pupil smaller

Question 5

What is the effect of noradrenaline on the pacemaker cells within the heart?

Answer 5

Activates beta 1 receptors on the pacemaker cells, makes the heart beat faster

Question 6

What is the effect of noradrenaline on the myocytes?

Answer 6

Activates mainly beta 1 receptors and increases the strength of contraction

Question 7

What is the effect of acetylcholine on the pacemaker cells within the heart?

Answer 7

Activates muscarinic receptors and reduces the heart rate

Question 8

What is the effect of acetylcholine on myocytes?

Answer 8

Little affect

Question 9

What is the effect of noradrenaline on the lungs?

Answer 9

Activates B2 receptors on the smooth muscle of the airways, makes smooth muscle relax and dilates airways.

Question 10

What is the effect of acetylcholine on the lungs?

Answer 10

Activates muscarinic receptors and makes the smooth muscle of the airways contract and constrict airways

Question 11

What type of agonist is salbutamol?

Answer 11

Beta 2 agonist, opens airways but doesn’t affect the heart

Question 12

What is the effect of noradrenaline on the blood vessels?

Answer 12

Activates the alpha 1 receptors, making smooth muscle contract reducing blood flow.
Activates beta 2 receptors, making smooth muscle of the blood vessels relax, increasing blood flow

Question 13

What is the effect of the parasympathetic system on blood vessels?

Answer 13

Usually no effect

Question 14

What is the effect of noradrenaline on the gut?

Answer 14

Activates alpha AND beta receptors in the smooth muscle of the gut and decreases gut motility

Question 15

What is the effect of noradrenaline on the pancreas?

Answer 15

Activates alpha receptors in the pancreas, inhibiting the secretion of enzymes.

Question 16

What is the effect of acetylcholine on the gut?

Answer 16

Activates muscarinic receptors on the smooth muscle, increasing gut motility
Activates muscarinic receptors on the smooth muscle of the pancreas, increasing the secretion of enzymes

Question 17

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on energy stores?

Answer 17

Activates alpha / beta receptors on the liver cells (hepatocytes), stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Activates alpha/beta receptors on fat cells (lipocytes) increases lipolysis (the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids)

Question 18

What is the effect of the parasympathetic system on energy stores?

Answer 18

No effect

Question 19

What is the effect of noradrenaline on salivary glands?

Answer 19

Activates beta receptors stimulating a thick secretion rich in enzymes

Question 20

What is the effect of the parasympathetic system on salivary glands?

Answer 20

Stimulates a profuse watery solution

Question 21

What is the effect of noradrenaline on the bladder?

Answer 21

Activates beta 2 receptors on the smooth muscle of the bladder wall, causing the muscle to relax and reduce pressure
Activates the alpha receptor of the sphincter muscle, causes the sphincter muscle to contract and stops urination

Question 22

What is the effect of acetylcholine on the bladder?

Answer 22

Activates muscarinic receptors which makes the smooth muscle of the bladder wall contract and increases pressure,
Activates muscarinic receptors which makes the smooth muscle of the sphincter relax and causes urination

Question 23

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the reproductive tract?

Answer 23

Activates alpha 1 receptors of the smooth muscle on the urethra causing the muscle to contract and cause ejaculation

Question 24

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the reproductive tract?

Answer 24

Activates the receptors on the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum, relaxes the smooth muscle and causes erection

Question 25

What controls the para and sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 25

Autonomic reflexes, and the central control from the hypothalamus