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IMS > Origin and Development of germ cells in male and female > Flashcards

Origin and Development of germ cells in male and female Flashcards

1
Q

What are the earliest germ cells called?

A

Primordial germ cells

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2
Q

Where are Primordial germ cells originated from?

A

Yolk sac

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3
Q

Where do Primordial migrate to from the yolk sac?

A

through hind gut to genital ridge

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4
Q

What tissue does primordial cells migrate through?

A

Mesentary tissue

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5
Q

Where do gonads develop?

A

Genital ridge

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6
Q

Where does the kidney develop from?

A

Mesonephros

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7
Q

What cells do primordial cells associate with at the genital ridge?

A

Pre-sertoli cells (somatic cells)

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8
Q

In the male genital ridge how do the somatic cells align themselves?

A

Align in cords and develop into semineferous hoops to tubules as they grow

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9
Q

What cells settle on the tubule wall first?

A

PGC primordial germ cells then somatic cells

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10
Q

What are the male and female processes called?

A

Spermatogenesis

Ovagenesis

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11
Q

Where are the Spermatogonia developed in males?

A

Outside the blood testes barrier BTB

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12
Q

In females what is different in the associate with somatic cells?

A

Stop in cortical region from the ridge and form a layer around each germ cell

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13
Q

What is BTB?

A

Blood testes barrier - tight junctions that hold the cell together, it is impermeable so cells have to go through cells

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14
Q

Why is BTB important?

A

The immune system develops very early, so post puberty cells express new proteins that immune would think are foreign bodies

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15
Q

What does spermatogonia develop in regards to BTB?

A

develop germ cells behind the barrier

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16
Q

How do PGC’s proliferate and what in to?

A

Mitosis and into gonocytes

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17
Q

What happens to gonocytes?

A

Proliferate by mitosis and develop into pro-spermatogonia (end of foetal stage)

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18
Q

What happens to early spermatogonia and what do they acquire?

A

Become stem cells and acquire self-renewal capacity

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19
Q

What effects can Gonocytes not proliferating cause?

A

if stuck in cell cycle arrest then remain in situ, can randomly activate and proliferate to form tumours

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20
Q

What happens to the spermatogonia sitting on tubule wall?

A

Embeds into sertoli cells with tight junctions forming BTB

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21
Q

Where and what does spermatogonia develop into?

A

change to spermatocytes from cytoplasm to the lumen where they develop

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22
Q

Why is a large stem cell pool good in primates?

A

develops same number as germ cells and so greater human resilience

23
Q

What division produces spermatocytes?

A

Peri-natal spermatogonial division (2nd mitotic division)

24
Q

Where do spermatocytes arrest in?

A

Prophase of 1st meiotic division

25
Q

What is the role of preleptotene spermatocytes and what phase does it occur?

A

Duplicate DNA shape in S-phase

26
Q

What do Leptotene and zygotenes do?

A

Chromatin remodelling

27
Q

What is the role of Pachytene spermatocytes?

A

Transcription and translation , increases in size

28
Q

What is the role of diplotene?

A

Enters meiosis , prepare proteins for after meiosis

29
Q

What happens at the first meiotic division?

A

chr seperate and cells become haploid - activate after meiosis

30
Q

What happens at the 2nd meiotic division?

A

homologous chromatids seperated leads to spermatid phase

31
Q

What happens at the spermatid phase?

A

The haploid cells produce 4 gametes (sperm cells)

32
Q

What is the term for the development of spermatids?

A

Spermiogenesis

33
Q

What are the 3 types of spermatids?

A

Round, elongation, maturation

34
Q

What happens during the round phase?

A

Nucleus still does transcription, but nuclear histones are replaced by transition proteins, flagellum develops

35
Q

What happens to at the elongation phase to spermatids?

A

Transition proteins are replaced by protamines, nuclear size decreases and flagellum full develops, cytoplasm shrinks to droplet

36
Q

What happens to spermatids at the maturation phase?

A

shed into lumen of tubule at spermiation and cytoplasmic droplet phagocytosed by sertoli cell

37
Q

What cell phagocytes the cytoplasm?

A

Sertoli cell

38
Q

What happens at spermiation?

A

Mature spermatoza shed into lumen of tubule

39
Q

What is the female primordial germ cell called?

A

Oogonium

40
Q

What is important at oogenesis?

A

2 cell cycles occurm, 1st at meiosis phase 1, second at m phase

41
Q

What cells in arrested in prophase 1 of females?

A

Diplotene

42
Q

What does oogonium turn into after mitosis?

A

Primary oocyte

43
Q

What core does the primary oocyte form?

A

Primordial follicle

44
Q

how is the primordial follicle formed?

A

Thin covered spindle somatic cells form around oocyte form the follicle at germinal vesicle

45
Q

How do Primary follicles grow?

A

After puberty , 1 or a few primordial follicles are randomly selected to further develop into a primary follicle

46
Q

When does final oogensis occur?

A

Has zuna pallucida so doesnt rupture, but when implanted with sperm

47
Q

What is the zona pallucida?

A

A packet of dna covering the oocyte - secrete glycoproteins

48
Q

How many germ cells to an oocyte?

A

1, The rest form a polar body - only at fertilization

49
Q

What happens at the dictyate stage after 2nd cell cycle arrest?

A

Large numbers of dicytate germ cells die by apoptosis in the last trimester

50
Q

What is the pre-antral follicle?

A

Division of granulosa cells that has gap junctions and is avascular

51
Q

Where cells surround the internal and external follicle?

A

Ovarian stroma cells

52
Q

What is the antral follicle?

A

When the gran cells proliferate and increase in size they secrete follicular fluid called antrum

53
Q

What is antrum consisted of?

A

Mucopolysaccharides and serum

54
Q

What is the thick gran cell that is connected to oocytes as a stalk?

A

Cumulus oophorous - continues storage of mRNA

IMS (53 decks)

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