Digestive System 2 - Accessory Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the Salivary Glands situated?

A

Submucosa of Oral Cavity + tongue

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2
Q

What are the Salivary Glands grouped as?

A
Lingual
Labial
Buccal
Molar
Polatine
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3
Q

What are the 3 Large Salivary glands?

A

Sublingual - beneath tongue
Submandibular - floor of mouth, inner surface of mandible, ducts behind teeth
Parotid - largest empties into mouth

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4
Q

What type of Glands/Cells are the Large salivary glands?

A

Tubulo-acinar glands

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5
Q

What do the Large Salivary glands close to oral cavity secrete?

A

Mucus

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6
Q

What do the Large Glands distal to the Oral Cavity secrete?

A

Serous
Sublingual - mucus acini
Submandibular - serous and mucus acini
Parotid - serous acini

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7
Q

Describe the Liver?

A
  • Largest gland of body ,
  • highly vascularised -
  • surrounded by connective tissue
  • 4 lobes - 2 major L&R, 2 minor caudate + quarate
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8
Q

What does the Liver function as?

A

Exocrine gland (onto epithelium via duct), Gallbladder (bile storage)

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9
Q

Describe the Vasculature of the Liver?

A

Recieves blood from 2 vessels

  • Hepatic artery (oxygenated, 25%)
  • Hepatic portal vein (digestive system, 75%)
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10
Q

Where is the Blood discharged into from the Liver?

A

Small vascular channels called Sinusoids (capillaries)

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11
Q

What Cells are located in the Liver?

A

Kupffer cells - sinusoidal macrophages

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12
Q

What does Sinusoidal Macrophages do?

A

Destroy Bacteria and Degrade worn-out blood cells

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13
Q

Describe the Blood flow of the Liver?

A

Sinusoids -> central vein -> Hepatic vein -> Inferior Vena Cava

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14
Q

What are the Hepatic Sinusoids lined by?

A

Discontinuous Sinusoidal Epithelium

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15
Q

Describe the Liver Lobule?

A

Basic functional unit, composed of -
Terminal Hepatic Venule
Interconnecting Plates of hepatocytes
Peripherally arranged Portal triads

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16
Q

What are the Specialised epithelial cells in the Liver?

A

Hepatocytes

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17
Q

What is the Liver Lobule delimited by?

A

Connective tissue called Interlobular Septum

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18
Q

What are the Hepatocytes Zones in the Liver Lobule?

A

Periportal
Mid-zone
Centriobular

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19
Q

Describe the Periportal Hepatocyte zone of the Liver?

A

Most oxygenated, highest nutrient + highest toxin conc

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20
Q

Describe the Mid-zone Hepatocyte zone of the Liver?

A

No sharp Boundaries

21
Q

Describe the Centriobular Hepatocyte zone of the Liver?

A

Lowest nutrient component, larger glycogen/fat deposits

Least oxygenated

22
Q

Describe the Bile Production in the Liver Lobule?

A

Bile composition is organic (bilirubin) and inorganic (bile salts)

23
Q

What is the Bile Produced by?

A

Hepatocytes - passes into bile caniculi (carry bile to bile duct)

24
Q

What is the Bile duct lined by?

A

Cholangiocytes

25
What are the features of Cholangiocytes?
Short microvilli, one Cilium per cell (senses change in flow)
26
Describe Bile secretion?
``` Contains; Terminal bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Cystic duct Common bile duct ```
27
What is the Terminal Bile duct lined by?
Cuboidal Epithelium
28
Describe the Intrahepatic bile ducts?
coalesce into L + R hepatic ducts, which then unite to form common hepatic duct
29
What is the Hepatic Duct lined by?
Columnar Epithelium
30
Where does the Cystic duct secrete Bile from?
To/From Gallbladder
31
Where does the Common Bile duct secrete bile to?
Duodenum
32
Describe Gallbladder?
Ovoid sac with muscular wall - can distend | Concentrates and Stores biles
33
Describe the how the Gallbladder Concentrates and Stores bile?
H2O+ ions absorbed by mucosa, receives watery bile from hepatic duct and empties thick concentrated bile into common bile duct
34
Describe the Mucosa of the Gallbladder?
Columnar epithelium with Microvilli, no goblet cells or muscalaris or submucosa, Arranged in Plicae, concentrated bile expelled by contraction of S.Muscle
35
What hormone is released in the Gallbladder?
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone, released from inclusion cells in duodenem
36
What is the Purpose of the CCK hormone in the Gallbladder?
Reduces digestive motility and gastric emptying
37
Where is the Pancrease?
Behind the Stomach, Retroperitoneal covered by a thin layer of connective tissue
38
Describe the Function of the Pancrease?
Endocrine and Exocrine functions
39
What are the Exocrine functions of the Pancreas?
Composed of tubulo-acinar glands which secrete pancreatic juice (alkaline fluid of enzyme precursors)
40
What forms the Secretory Acini?
Single layer of Epithelial cells
41
What are the Endocrine functions of the Pancreas?
Contains of Islets of Langerhans (scattered around) that secrete products into Pancreatic ducts which contain variety of neuroendocrine cells
42
What Cells are contained within the Islets of Langerhans?
``` Beta Cells Alpha Cells Delta Cells PP Cells e- Cells EC cells D1 Cells ```
43
Describe the function of Beta cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?
Secrete insulin + amylin, 60% of cells, stimulates glycogen and protein/fatty acid synthesis
44
Describe the function of Alpha cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?
Secrete glucagon, 15% of cells, opposite actions of insulin
45
Describe the function of Delta cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?
Secrete Somatostatin, 5% of cells, locally acting hormone inhibits other endocrine cells
46
Describe the function of Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?
Stimulates gastric chief cells and Inhibits bile secretion
47
Describe the function of Epsilon (e) cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?
Secrete Ghrelin and stimulates Appetite
48
Describe the function of Enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?
Secretes; secretin : control secretion of hormone motilin : stimulates gastric activity substance -p: wide range of functions
49
Describe the function of D1 cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?
``` Secrete VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) relaxes stomach and gallbladder and reduces arterial blood pressure ```