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IMS > Digestive System 2 - Accessory Organs > Flashcards

Digestive System 2 - Accessory Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the Salivary Glands situated?

A

Submucosa of Oral Cavity + tongue

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2
Q

What are the Salivary Glands grouped as?

A 
Lingual
Labial
Buccal
Molar
Polatine
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3
Q

What are the 3 Large Salivary glands?

A

Sublingual - beneath tongue
Submandibular - floor of mouth, inner surface of mandible, ducts behind teeth
Parotid - largest empties into mouth

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4
Q

What type of Glands/Cells are the Large salivary glands?

A

Tubulo-acinar glands

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5
Q

What do the Large Salivary glands close to oral cavity secrete?

A

Mucus

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6
Q

What do the Large Glands distal to the Oral Cavity secrete?

A

Serous
Sublingual - mucus acini
Submandibular - serous and mucus acini
Parotid - serous acini

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7
Q

Describe the Liver?

A
  • Largest gland of body ,
  • highly vascularised -
  • surrounded by connective tissue
  • 4 lobes - 2 major L&R, 2 minor caudate + quarate
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8
Q

What does the Liver function as?

A

Exocrine gland (onto epithelium via duct), Gallbladder (bile storage)

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9
Q

Describe the Vasculature of the Liver?

A

Recieves blood from 2 vessels

  • Hepatic artery (oxygenated, 25%)
  • Hepatic portal vein (digestive system, 75%)
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10
Q

Where is the Blood discharged into from the Liver?

A

Small vascular channels called Sinusoids (capillaries)

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11
Q

What Cells are located in the Liver?

A

Kupffer cells - sinusoidal macrophages

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12
Q

What does Sinusoidal Macrophages do?

A

Destroy Bacteria and Degrade worn-out blood cells

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13
Q

Describe the Blood flow of the Liver?

A

Sinusoids -> central vein -> Hepatic vein -> Inferior Vena Cava

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14
Q

What are the Hepatic Sinusoids lined by?

A

Discontinuous Sinusoidal Epithelium

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15
Q

Describe the Liver Lobule?

A

Basic functional unit, composed of -
Terminal Hepatic Venule
Interconnecting Plates of hepatocytes
Peripherally arranged Portal triads

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16
Q

What are the Specialised epithelial cells in the Liver?

A

Hepatocytes

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17
Q

What is the Liver Lobule delimited by?

A

Connective tissue called Interlobular Septum

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18
Q

What are the Hepatocytes Zones in the Liver Lobule?

A

Periportal
Mid-zone
Centriobular

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19
Q

Describe the Periportal Hepatocyte zone of the Liver?

A

Most oxygenated, highest nutrient + highest toxin conc

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20
Q

Describe the Mid-zone Hepatocyte zone of the Liver?

A

No sharp Boundaries

21
Q

Describe the Centriobular Hepatocyte zone of the Liver?

A

Lowest nutrient component, larger glycogen/fat deposits

Least oxygenated

22
Q

Describe the Bile Production in the Liver Lobule?

A

Bile composition is organic (bilirubin) and inorganic (bile salts)

23
Q

What is the Bile Produced by?

A

Hepatocytes - passes into bile caniculi (carry bile to bile duct)

24
Q

What is the Bile duct lined by?

A

Cholangiocytes

25
Q

What are the features of Cholangiocytes?

A

Short microvilli, one Cilium per cell (senses change in flow)

26
Q

Describe Bile secretion?

A 
Contains;
Terminal bile ducts
Intrahepatic bile ducts
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
27
Q

What is the Terminal Bile duct lined by?

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

28
Q

Describe the Intrahepatic bile ducts?

A

coalesce into L + R hepatic ducts, which then unite to form common hepatic duct

29
Q

What is the Hepatic Duct lined by?

A

Columnar Epithelium

30
Q

Where does the Cystic duct secrete Bile from?

A

To/From Gallbladder

31
Q

Where does the Common Bile duct secrete bile to?

A

Duodenum

32
Q

Describe Gallbladder?

A

Ovoid sac with muscular wall - can distend

Concentrates and Stores biles

33
Q

Describe the how the Gallbladder Concentrates and Stores bile?

A

H2O+ ions absorbed by mucosa, receives watery bile from hepatic duct and empties thick concentrated bile into common bile duct

34
Q

Describe the Mucosa of the Gallbladder?

A

Columnar epithelium with Microvilli, no goblet cells or muscalaris or submucosa, Arranged in Plicae, concentrated bile expelled by contraction of S.Muscle

35
Q

What hormone is released in the Gallbladder?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone, released from inclusion cells in duodenem

36
Q

What is the Purpose of the CCK hormone in the Gallbladder?

A

Reduces digestive motility and gastric emptying

37
Q

Where is the Pancrease?

A

Behind the Stomach, Retroperitoneal covered by a thin layer of connective tissue

38
Q

Describe the Function of the Pancrease?

A

Endocrine and Exocrine functions

39
Q

What are the Exocrine functions of the Pancreas?

A

Composed of tubulo-acinar glands which secrete pancreatic juice (alkaline fluid of enzyme precursors)

40
Q

What forms the Secretory Acini?

A

Single layer of Epithelial cells

41
Q

What are the Endocrine functions of the Pancreas?

A

Contains of Islets of Langerhans (scattered around) that secrete products into Pancreatic ducts which contain variety of neuroendocrine cells

42
Q

What Cells are contained within the Islets of Langerhans?

A 
Beta Cells
Alpha Cells
Delta Cells
PP Cells
e- Cells
EC cells
D1 Cells
43
Q

Describe the function of Beta cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?

A

Secrete insulin + amylin, 60% of cells, stimulates glycogen and protein/fatty acid synthesis

44
Q

Describe the function of Alpha cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?

A

Secrete glucagon, 15% of cells, opposite actions of insulin

45
Q

Describe the function of Delta cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?

A

Secrete Somatostatin, 5% of cells, locally acting hormone inhibits other endocrine cells

46
Q

Describe the function of Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?

A

Stimulates gastric chief cells and Inhibits bile secretion

47
Q

Describe the function of Epsilon (e) cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?

A

Secrete Ghrelin and stimulates Appetite

48
Q

Describe the function of Enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?

A

Secretes;
secretin : control secretion of hormone
motilin : stimulates gastric activity
substance -p: wide range of functions

49
Q

Describe the function of D1 cells of the Islets in the Pancreas?

A 
Secrete VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)
relaxes stomach and gallbladder and reduces arterial blood pressure

IMS (53 decks)

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