Introduction to specific immunity

Question 1

What does Immune response mostly rely on?

Answer 1

B and T cells

Question 2

Where do B cells develop?

Answer 2

Within Bone marrow

Question 3

Where do T cells develop?

Answer 3

Pre-t cells that migrate into thymus from bone marrow

Question 4

With maturity what do T and B cells develop?

Answer 4

distinctive membrane bound proteins include antigen receptors and CD4 and CD8 proteins

Question 5

What are the 2 types of immune responses?

Answer 5

Cell mediated

Antibody mediated immunity

Question 6

What is Cell mediated immunity?

Answer 6

involve CD8 t cells proliferation into cytotoxic t cells

Question 7

What is CMI largely associated with?

Answer 7

Targeting intracellular pathogens and some cancer cells

Question 8

What does Antibody mediated immunity involve?

Answer 8

Transform B cells into plasma cells, Plasma cells synthesize and secrete immunoglobulins and bind to inactive specific antigens

Question 9

What is AMI associated with?

Answer 9

targeting antigents in body fluids and pathogens that replicate - aided by CD4 helper cells

Question 10

What are antigens?

Answer 10

Single foreign proteins that is part of a large complex, it activates adaptive response and whole ones cant be detected

Question 11

What is Immunogenicity?

Answer 11

Ability to induce a response mediated by production of specific T cells or specific antibodies

Question 12

What is reactivity?

Answer 12

Ability to react with antibodies or specific T cells

Question 13

What do T cells respond to?

Answer 13

Only protein antigents

Question 14

Where do B cells respond to?

Answer 14

Proteins, lipids,carbohydrates and nucleic acids

Question 15

What are epitopes?

Answer 15

Small component of antigens that initiate immune response

Question 16

How are antigens trapped in the mucosal membrane?

Answer 16

Trapped by mucosa-associate lymph tissue (MALT)

Question 17

What does MHC do?

Answer 17

Guide recognition of antigen by T cells, bind epitopes of antigents and highly polymorphic

Question 18

What are MHC also known as?

Answer 18

HLA

Question 19

How are MHC expressed in the body?

Answer 19

By every cell except RBC

Question 20

How do MHC function?

Answer 20

Help T cells recognise foreign antigens

Question 21

What are the 2 types of MHC?

Answer 21

Class I and Class II

Question 22

What are MHC I?

Answer 22

built into PM of all bodies cells

Question 23

What are MHC II?

Answer 23

Found on membrane of antigen presenting cells such as active T cells

Question 24

What do MHC play a part in?

Answer 24

Rejection of donor tissue

Question 25

What can B cells recognise?

Answer 25

Antigens in body fluid

Question 26

What do T cells recognise?

Answer 26

Antigents presented in combo with MHC

Question 27

Where do MHC arise from?

Answer 27

Fragments of self protein associated with peptide binding groove or new MHC

Question 28

What are the 2 ways processing of foreign antigens can occur?

Answer 28

Exogenous antigen | Endogenous antigen

Question 29

What is Exogenous antigen processing?

Answer 29

Antigents found in body fluids, dealth by antigent presenting cells APC.

Question 30

What do APC include?

Answer 30

Macrophages, B cells and Dendritic cells

Question 31

What do APC ingest?

Answer 31

Antigen then antigen ingested into peptide fragments transferred to small vesicles

Question 32

What does APC synthesis?

Answer 32

MHC II molecules as packed into inner membrane of vesicles

Question 33

What process does Large vesicles with MHC II undergo?

Answer 33

Exocytosis

Question 34

What is Endogenous Antigen processing?

Answer 34

Antigens produced within a cell and associate with MHC I molecules - moves to cell membrane as surface antigen

Question 35

What do T cells not recognise?

Answer 35

Free antigens and as only directed to infected cell

Question 36

What is the 2 stage process of T cell activation?

Answer 36

Initial binding of t cell with specific antigen

Question 37

What is co-stimulation?

Answer 37

More than 20 known co-stimulants include cytokines and pairs of PM molecules

Question 38

How does co-stimulation function?

Answer 38

Allows two cells to temporarily attach to knoe another

Question 39

What does lack of co-stimulation result in?

Answer 39

Anergy

Question 40

Where does the process of proliferation and differentiation of T cells occur?

Answer 40

In secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

Question 41

What are the 3 main types of T cells?

Answer 41

Helper t cells Cytotoxic t cells Memory cells

Question 42

What do Helper cells do?

Answer 42

Express the CD4 membrain protein into TH cells

Question 43

What do TH cells do?

Answer 43

Recognise MHC II complexes and if costimulated secrete range of cytokines

Question 44

What does the cytokine IL-2 do?

Answer 44

Functions by triggering T cell proliferation and function for TH cells

Question 45

What do Cytokines do?

Answer 45

Enhance immunocompetent cell function

Question 46

What are cytokinees?

Answer 46

Small hormones that stimulate or inhibit cellular differentiation

Question 47

What are the most common Cytokines?

Answer 47

Interleukins 1-5 , tumour necrosis factor, TGF-B, Gammar IFN, A+B IFN

Question 48

How does Cytokine treat medical conditions?

Answer 48

Cytokine therapy

Question 49

Where are Cytotoxic cells derived from?

Answer 49

CD8 cells

Question 50

What cells reconigse MHC I on virus cells?

Answer 50

TC cells (cytotoxic t)

Question 51

How are Cytokines secreted?

Answer 51

As a result of Helper cell secretion, only once encountered same antigen

Question 52

How do TC cells destroy target cells?

Answer 52

Secreting porforin | Secreting Lymphotoxin

Question 53

What are Memory cells?

Answer 53

T cells remain after infection give rise to these

Question 54

How are memory cells maintained?

Answer 54

Allow rapid response to reinvasion by initial antigenic material

Question 55

What does T cell Maturation occur?

Answer 55

Rearrangements of germ line TCR genes

Question 56

What are developing t cells in thymus known as?

Answer 56

Thymocytes

Question 57

What do thymocytes do?

Answer 57

Proliferate and differentiate into sub-populations of mature t cells

Question 58

What is positive selection?

Answer 58

MHC restriction

Question 59

What is Negative selection?

Answer 59

Deletion of autoreactive cells