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IMS > Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance > Flashcards

Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 key differences between a bacterial cell and a mammalian cell?

A

B has a cell wall and no nuclear membrane, 30s 50s ribosome.

M has no cell wall a nuclear membrane and 40s 60s ribosome

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2
Q

What are the obvious target sites?

A

Cell wall and ribosomes

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3
Q

What does Bacteria require to grow?

A

Optimum temp and PH, nutrients, atmospheric conditions

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of atmoshpheric conditions?

A

Aerobic
Anaerobic
Facultative

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5
Q

What is Aerobic?

A

Any organism that doesnt need O2 to grow

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6
Q

What is Anaerobic?

A

which grows in the present of air or needs O2

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7
Q

What is Facultative?

A

Can use oxygen but also has anaerobic methods of energy production

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8
Q

What are the 3 main groups of bacteria?

A

Gram Stained (+-)
Acid-fast bacilli (myobacteria)
Atypicals

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9
Q

What is the difference between Gram positive and Gram negative?

A

Gram negative is red and has lipophilic cell membrane

Gram positive is violet and has peptidoglycan cell wall

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10
Q

What type of antiobiotics are used for Gram stains?

A

Amoxicillin, Cefuroxime

Cefalexin

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11
Q

What are some Anti-anaerobe agents?

A

Metronidazole
Piperacillin
Co-amoxivclav

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12
Q

What are some Anti-atypical agents?

A

Monocycline, Erythromycin, Moxifloxacin

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13
Q

What are the portals of entry for microorganisms into the body?

A

Skin
GI tract
Respiratory tract
Urinogenital

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14
Q

What is antibiotics?

A

A medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms

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15
Q

What is Antibacterial?

A

Destructive or inhibits growth of bacteria

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16
Q

What is Antimicrobial?

A

Destroy or inhibit growth of pathogenic micro-organisms

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17
Q

What is Disinfectant?

A

Chemical liquid that destroys bacteria

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18
Q

What is bactericidal?

A

Drug which kills bacteria or capable of murder

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19
Q

What is bacteriostatic?

A

Capable of inhibiting reproduction of bacteria

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20
Q

What is the site of action for Penicillins, Glycopeptides?

A

Bacterial cell wall

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21
Q

What agent can be used for Cell Membrane?

A

Daptomycin

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22
Q

What agent can be used for Ribosomes?

A

Tetracyclines, Fucidic acid

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23
Q

What agent can be used for RNA synthesis?

A

Rifamycines

24
Q

What agent can be used for Folate metabolism?

A

Sulphoamides

25
Q

What agent can be used for DNA synthesis?

A

Nitrofurans

26
Q

What are Beta-lactams?

A

Interfere with cross linkage of peptidoglycans and bactericidal

27
Q

What are Glycopeptides?

A

Inhibit peptidoglycan formation

28
Q

What does Penicillin contain?

A

Bacteria with 8 penicillin-binding proteins

29
Q

How does penicillin work?

A

Penicillin modify PBP function because of structural similiarity to D-alanine residue of peptidoglycan

30
Q

What effect does Penicillin have on bacteria?

A

Weaken the cell wall and act on biosynthesis and cell division - depend on nature of b-lactam ring

31
Q

What drugs have a beta lactam ring?

A

Penicillin, Carbapenems, Clavams

32
Q

What does Glycopeptides do?

A

Interfere with peptidoglycan formation by preventing joining of n-acetylglucosamine and acid dimers

33
Q

How do Glycopeptides work?

A

Molecules too large to penetra outer membrane, used aggainst streptococci

34
Q

How does Vancomyin work?

A

Prevents phospholipid carrier release prevent chain elongation

35
Q

What is the effect of Lipopeptide daptomycin (antiobiotic) acting on Membrane?

A

Depolarises cell membrane, poor lung penetration, bactericidal to g+

36
Q

What is the effect of Polymixins colistin (antiobiotic) acting on Membrane?

A

Affects affinity for membrane in G - bacilli

also bactericidal

37
Q

How does Tetracyclines Antibacteria inhibit ribosomes?

A

Binds to 30s ribosome and block attachment of tRNA and addition of AA - inhibits binding complex

38
Q

How does Aminoglycosides Antibacteria inhibit ribosomes?

A

Interfere with mRNA attachment to the ribosome

39
Q

How does Chloramphenical Antibacteria inhibit ribosomes?

A

Binds to 50s ribosome and interferes with binding of AA

40
Q

How does Macrolides and Lincosamides Antibacteria inhibit ribosomes?

A

Attach to 50s unit causing termination of growing protein

41
Q

How does Linezolid Antibacteria inhibit ribosomes?

A

Binds to 23s RNA of 50s and prevents formation of functional 70s for protein synthesis

42
Q

How does Quinolones Affect nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Functions by selectively inhibiting DNA gyrase and inhibits cell division

43
Q

How does Rifampicin Affect nucleic acid synthesis?

A

It inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase by forming stable complex with enzyme

44
Q

How does Metronidazole Affect nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Binds to bacterial DNA leads to strand breakage

45
Q

How does Trimethoprim interfere with a metabolic pathway?

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase - key stage of develop nucleic acids - blocks active form of folic acid

46
Q

Why is Antibiotics important?

A

Infectious disease is common and fatal
Antimicrobial resistance
Hospital infections
Surgery and Chemotherapy

47
Q

What is antimicrobial resistance?

A

Loss of effectiveness of any anti-infective medicine include anti-medicines - common bacteria of common infections

48
Q

What is Intrinsic resistance?

A

Entire species resistant BEFORE any antibiotic introduced - lack penetration through cell wall, susceptibility to produce enzymes

49
Q

What are Examples of Intrinsic resistance?

A

Gentamicin step pyogenes

Polymixin stapj aureus

50
Q

What are 3 types of gene transmission?

A

Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation

51
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Plasmids move from one bacteria to another

52
Q

What is transduction?

A

Phages move between bacteria sometimes carry genes

53
Q

What is transformation?

A

Take up DNA from solution

54
Q

What is Antibiotic inactivation?

A

Bacteria acquire genes encoding enzymes that inactive antibiotics e.g B-lactamases

55
Q

What are the mechanisms for resistance?

A

Impermeability of the cell wall, Active efflux pumps throw antibiotic out cell, altered targets, bypass steps, hyperproduction of enzymes

IMS (53 decks)

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