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Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 key differences between a bacterial cell and a mammalian cell?

A

B has a cell wall and no nuclear membrane, 30s 50s ribosome.

M has no cell wall a nuclear membrane and 40s 60s ribosome

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2
Q

What are the obvious target sites?

A

Cell wall and ribosomes

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3
Q

What does Bacteria require to grow?

A

Optimum temp and PH, nutrients, atmospheric conditions

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of atmoshpheric conditions?

A

Aerobic
Anaerobic
Facultative

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5
Q

What is Aerobic?

A

Any organism that doesnt need O2 to grow

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6
Q

What is Anaerobic?

A

which grows in the present of air or needs O2

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7
Q

What is Facultative?

A

Can use oxygen but also has anaerobic methods of energy production

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8
Q

What are the 3 main groups of bacteria?

A

Gram Stained (+-)
Acid-fast bacilli (myobacteria)
Atypicals

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9
Q

What is the difference between Gram positive and Gram negative?

A

Gram negative is red and has lipophilic cell membrane

Gram positive is violet and has peptidoglycan cell wall

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10
Q

What type of antiobiotics are used for Gram stains?

A

Amoxicillin, Cefuroxime

Cefalexin

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11
Q

What are some Anti-anaerobe agents?

A

Metronidazole
Piperacillin
Co-amoxivclav

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12
Q

What are some Anti-atypical agents?

A

Monocycline, Erythromycin, Moxifloxacin

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13
Q

What are the portals of entry for microorganisms into the body?

A

Skin
GI tract
Respiratory tract
Urinogenital

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14
Q

What is antibiotics?

A

A medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms

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15
Q

What is Antibacterial?

A

Destructive or inhibits growth of bacteria

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16
Q

What is Antimicrobial?

A

Destroy or inhibit growth of pathogenic micro-organisms

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17
Q

What is Disinfectant?

A

Chemical liquid that destroys bacteria

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18
Q

What is bactericidal?

A

Drug which kills bacteria or capable of murder

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19
Q

What is bacteriostatic?

A

Capable of inhibiting reproduction of bacteria

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20
Q

What is the site of action for Penicillins, Glycopeptides?

A

Bacterial cell wall

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21
Q

What agent can be used for Cell Membrane?

A

Daptomycin

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22
Q

What agent can be used for Ribosomes?

A

Tetracyclines, Fucidic acid

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23
Q

What agent can be used for RNA synthesis?

A

Rifamycines

24
Q

What agent can be used for Folate metabolism?

A

Sulphoamides

25
What agent can be used for DNA synthesis?
Nitrofurans
26
What are Beta-lactams?
Interfere with cross linkage of peptidoglycans and bactericidal
27
What are Glycopeptides?
Inhibit peptidoglycan formation
28
What does Penicillin contain?
Bacteria with 8 penicillin-binding proteins
29
How does penicillin work?
Penicillin modify PBP function because of structural similiarity to D-alanine residue of peptidoglycan
30
What effect does Penicillin have on bacteria?
Weaken the cell wall and act on biosynthesis and cell division - depend on nature of b-lactam ring
31
What drugs have a beta lactam ring?
Penicillin, Carbapenems, Clavams
32
What does Glycopeptides do?
Interfere with peptidoglycan formation by preventing joining of n-acetylglucosamine and acid dimers
33
How do Glycopeptides work?
Molecules too large to penetra outer membrane, used aggainst streptococci
34
How does Vancomyin work?
Prevents phospholipid carrier release prevent chain elongation
35
What is the effect of Lipopeptide daptomycin (antiobiotic) acting on Membrane?
Depolarises cell membrane, poor lung penetration, bactericidal to g+
36
What is the effect of Polymixins colistin (antiobiotic) acting on Membrane?
Affects affinity for membrane in G - bacilli | also bactericidal
37
How does Tetracyclines Antibacteria inhibit ribosomes?
Binds to 30s ribosome and block attachment of tRNA and addition of AA - inhibits binding complex
38
How does Aminoglycosides Antibacteria inhibit ribosomes?
Interfere with mRNA attachment to the ribosome
39
How does Chloramphenical Antibacteria inhibit ribosomes?
Binds to 50s ribosome and interferes with binding of AA
40
How does Macrolides and Lincosamides Antibacteria inhibit ribosomes?
Attach to 50s unit causing termination of growing protein
41
How does Linezolid Antibacteria inhibit ribosomes?
Binds to 23s RNA of 50s and prevents formation of functional 70s for protein synthesis
42
How does Quinolones Affect nucleic acid synthesis?
Functions by selectively inhibiting DNA gyrase and inhibits cell division
43
How does Rifampicin Affect nucleic acid synthesis?
It inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase by forming stable complex with enzyme
44
How does Metronidazole Affect nucleic acid synthesis?
Binds to bacterial DNA leads to strand breakage
45
How does Trimethoprim interfere with a metabolic pathway?
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase - key stage of develop nucleic acids - blocks active form of folic acid
46
Why is Antibiotics important?
Infectious disease is common and fatal Antimicrobial resistance Hospital infections Surgery and Chemotherapy
47
What is antimicrobial resistance?
Loss of effectiveness of any anti-infective medicine include anti-medicines - common bacteria of common infections
48
What is Intrinsic resistance?
Entire species resistant BEFORE any antibiotic introduced - lack penetration through cell wall, susceptibility to produce enzymes
49
What are Examples of Intrinsic resistance?
Gentamicin step pyogenes | Polymixin stapj aureus
50
What are 3 types of gene transmission?
Conjugation Transduction Transformation
51
What is conjugation?
Plasmids move from one bacteria to another
52
What is transduction?
Phages move between bacteria sometimes carry genes
53
What is transformation?
Take up DNA from solution
54
What is Antibiotic inactivation?
Bacteria acquire genes encoding enzymes that inactive antibiotics e.g B-lactamases
55
What are the mechanisms for resistance?
Impermeability of the cell wall, Active efflux pumps throw antibiotic out cell, altered targets, bypass steps, hyperproduction of enzymes

IMS (53 decks)

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