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IMS > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 ways Cells communicates?

A

Contact-dependent
Paracrine
Synaptic
Endocrine

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2
Q

What does the Endocrine system do?

A

Discrete glands and tissues (chemical messengers), that enter the bloodstream (dispersed through body) exert on specific Target cells with high affinity receptors

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3
Q

What is the Main function of Endocrine Cells?

A

Secrete Hormones

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4
Q

What are the Organs/Glands form together by endocrine cells?

A

Adrenal, Pituitary, Pineal

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5
Q

What are the Specialised Organs formed from discreet clusters of Endocrine cells?

A

Ovary, Testis, Pancreas

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6
Q

Where are Endocrine cells dispersed?

A

Diffuse in Enteroendocrine system in gut

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7
Q

What is the Function of the Pituitary gland?

A

Secrete large number of hormones

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8
Q

What are the Active Peripher endocrine cells in the Pituitary gland?

A

Adrenal, Thyroid, Testis, Ovary

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9
Q

Describe what the Pituitary gland looks like?

A

Bean shaped under brain linked by pituitary stalk, devided anatomically anterior and posteriorly

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10
Q

What are the 3 distinct components of epithelial tissue in the Anterior Pituitary?

A

Pars Distalis - major portion
Parts Tuberalis - layer of cell running up stalk
Pars Intermedia - narrow band bordering p lobe

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11
Q

What are the 3 Cell types (staining pattern) of the Anterior Pituitary?

A

Acidophilis (acidic dyes)
Basophilis (basic dyes)
Chromophobes (no cytoplasmic staining)

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of Acidophilis cells in the A. Pituitary?

A

Somatotrophs - growth Hormone

Lactotrophs - prolactin

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13
Q

Describe Somatotroph cells?

A

Stimulates cell growth and replication , increasing rate of protein sysnthesis and growth hormone (acromegaly)

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14
Q

Describe Lactotroph cells?

A

Stimulates mammary gland development - in pregnancy stimulates milk production and increases in size

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15
Q

What are the 4 Types of Basophilis Cells?

A

Corticotrophs - ACTH
Gonadotrophs - FSH & LH
Thyrotrophs - (TSH)
Chromophores

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16
Q

Describe the Corticotroph cells?

A

Release steroid hormones from adrenal cortex (cortisol)

17
Q

Describe Gonadotrophs cells?

A

Regulate activity of gonads (ovary & testis)
FSH - follicle development and secretion
LH - induces ovulation

18
Q

Describe Thyrotrophs cells?

A

Stimulate growth thyroid epithelial cells, release thyroid hormones

19
Q

Describe chromophores?

A

Fail to stain, too few granules, 5 types

20
Q

Describe the Posterior Pituitary?

A

Contains Neural lobe - continuation of hypothalamic region of brain with axons of hypothalamic neurons

21
Q

What are the 2 Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary?

A

ADH - decrease h2o loss by kidneys

Oxytocin -Promotes contraction of smooth muscle, myoepithelial cells breast

22
Q

Where is the Pineal Gland?

A

Located under Brain , composed of lobules

23
Q

What are the 2 types of Cells in the Pineal gland?

A

Pinealocytes - neuron-like cells produce melatonin

Glial cells - bipolar cells runs between nests of pinealocytes

24
Q

What is Melatonin responsible for?

A

Secreted by pineal gland, responds to light and regulates body- declines with agin and trigger changes in system

25
Q

Describe the Thyroid gland?

A

Bilobed, Curves across anterior surface of trache, lobes connected by isthmus

26
Q

What are the 3 Thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroxine - T4
Triiodothyronine - T3
Calcitonin (calcium homeostatis)

27
Q

Describe Thryoid Cells?

A

Hollow spheres of cuboidal epithelial cells, lumen filled with colloid, surrounded by basement membrane enclose c cells

28
Q

What are the 2 Thyroid states?

A

Under active - increase colloid flat

Overactive - decrease colloid - tall cells

29
Q

Describe Parathyroid glands?

A

In posterior surface of thyroid, seperated by dense capsular fibres of thyroid, contains PTH hormone

30
Q

What are the 2 different Cell Populations in Parathyroid glands?

A 
Chief cells (PTH)
Oxyphils - rare
31
Q

Describe Pancrease?

A

Lies with abdominopelvic cavity, slender pale organ with nodular (lumpy) consistency

32
Q

What are the 2 types of Pancreas cells?

A

Exocrine - pancreatic acini in clusters

Endocrine - Islets of Langerhands, - small groups cells scattered

33
Q

Describe the Pancreatic Islets?

A

Extensive capillary netowrk - hormones ot blood

34
Q

What are the 4 cell types in Islet?

A

Alpha cells - glucagen ( increase BG, Glycogen breakdon)
Beta cells - insulin ( low bg, increase glycogen synthesis)
Delta cells - inhibiting peptide ( inhibits release of glucagon and insulin, slow food absorption)
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide - inhibits gall bladder contractions

35
Q

What are the 2 distinct endocrine systems in the Adrenal Gland?

A 
Adrenal cortex (outer) - secretes steroid hormones - cholesterol
Adrenal Medulla (inner) - neuroendocrine component
36
Q

What are the 3 distinct zones of the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Outer - zona glomerulus - small (aldosterone)
Middle - zona fasciculata - biggest yellow (cortisol)
Inner - zona reticularis - brown (androgens)

37
Q

Describe Adrenal Medulla?

A

Derived from neural crest and part of neuroendocrine system, brown, large pale cells and fine granular, cells are polyhedral in shape surrounded by rich network capillaries

38
Q

Describe Hormonal Aging?

A

Cortisol increase with age

Sex hormones, melatonin and GH decline with age, HRT + youth and regeneration - price is cancer

IMS (53 decks)

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