Intro to Nervous System

Question 1

What are the 2 types of Cells in the nervous system?

Answer 1

Neurones (nerve cells) and Glial cells (supporting cells)

Question 2

What types of cells are Neurones?

Answer 2

Excitable cells that communicate via chemical and electrical signals

Question 3

List the 4 Structural Classifications of neurones?

Answer 3

Unipolar, Bipolar, Pseudo-unipolar and Multipolar

Question 4

Describe Structural Classification of Unipolar?

Answer 4

Single Projection from Cell body

Question 5

Describe Structural Classification of Bipolar?

Answer 5

2 Projections, Axon and Dendrite from same cell body

Question 6

Describe Structural Classification of Pseudo-unipolar?

Answer 6

Subdivision of Bipolar Neurons

Question 7

Describe Structural Classification of Multipolar?

Answer 7

Multiple projections, 1 Axon rest are Dendrites

Question 8

What are the 3 Functional Classifications of Neurones?

Answer 8

Efferent, Afferent, Interneurons

Question 9

Describe the Functional Classification of Efferent Neurones?

Answer 9

Transmits Information from CNS to effector organs

Question 10

Describe the Functional Classification of Afferent Neurones?

Answer 10

Transmits Sensory info from Sensory Receptors (Outside) or Visceral info from Visceral Receptors (body conditions)

Question 11

Describe the Functional Classification of Interneurones?

Answer 11

Located entirely in CNS go between sensory and effector, carries out brains functions

Question 12

What does Glial Cells do?

Answer 12

Provide Structural integrity for nervous system - (glia=glue)

Question 13

What are the 5 Types of Glial Cells?

Answer 13

Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal, Oligodendrocytes, Schwaan Cells

Question 14

What does the Astrocyte Cells do?

Answer 14

Supports, Provide Nutrients, Maintains BBB

Question 15

What does Microglia Cells do?

Answer 15

Small and Mobile, Provide Macrophages for CNS

Question 16

What does Ependymal Cells do?

Answer 16

Line Cavities and Fluid-filled spaces

Question 17

What does Oligodendrocytes Cells do?

Answer 17

Form myelin round axons in CNS

Question 18

What does Schwaan Cells do?

Answer 18

Form myelin round axons in PNS (myelin for only 1 axon)

Question 19

What does Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) give rise to?

Answer 19

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems

Question 20

What does the Somatic Nervous System give rise to?

Answer 20

Sensory and Motor Functions

Question 21

What does the Autonomic Nervous System give rise to?

Answer 21

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems

Question 22

What is the Somatic Nervous System?

Answer 22

Associated with Voluntary Control of Movement, Communicates info from outside of body

Question 23

What two types of Nerves serve the SoNS?

Answer 23

Afferent- sensory (External info to spinal cord) Efferent- Motor (Muscle Contraction)

Question 24

What are the Protective Layers of the Brain?

Answer 24

Skull, Cranial meninges, BBB, CSF

Question 25

What are the Protective Layers of the Spinal Cord?

Answer 25

Vertebral Column, Spinal Meninges, CSF

Question 26

What are the 3 Connective Tissues covering the Brain and Spinal Cord?

Answer 26

Pia Mater (Inner) Arachnoid Matter (Middle) Dura Mater (Outer)

Question 27

What are the 3 Spaces inbetween the Connective Tissue?

Answer 27

Subarachnoid Space, Subdural Space, Epidural Space

Question 28

What is the Cerebrospinal Fluid?

Answer 28

Clear colourless liquid found in CNS, Acts as cushion for the cortex, Contains nutrients

Question 29

Where is CSF found and what can it be used for?

Answer 29

Choroid Plexus of Brain and for aid diagnosis of diseases

Question 30

What are the 4 Cavities of the Brain Called?

Answer 30

Ventricles

Question 31

What is located in the Ventricles?

Answer 31

Choroid Plexuses

Question 32

How does the Blood flow To the Brain?

Answer 32

Internal Carotid and Vertebral Arteries into Dural Sinuses and empties into Internal Jugular Veins

Question 33

How does the Blood flow To the Spinal Cord?

Answer 33

Posterior Intercostal and Lumber Arteries, empties into Posterior Intercostal and Lumbar Veins

Question 34

How do Astrocytes Limit Permeability to/from the CNS?

Answer 34

Stimulate endothelial cells to create tight junctions

Question 35

What type of Drugs can pass across BBB?

Answer 35

Liphophilic drugs with Lipid Membranes

Question 36

What is contained in the White Matter?

Answer 36

Myelinated (fatty so appears white) Neuronal Cells

Question 37

What is contained within the Grey Matter?

Answer 37

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals

Question 38

What function Occurs in the Grey Matter?

Answer 38

Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration

Question 39

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there in the Spinal Cord?

Answer 39

31 Pairs

Question 40

What are the 4 sub-divided Areas of the Spinal Cord?

Answer 40

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumber, Sacral

Question 41

What does the Grey Matter of the Spinal Cord look like?

Answer 41

Butterfly Shaped, White matter on the outside, Grey matter on the Inside with 1 Ventral and 1 Dorsal horn either side

Question 42

Where do Afferent Fibres Terminate in the Spinal cord?

Answer 42

Dorsal Horn

Question 43

Where do Efferent Fibres originate in Spinal Cord?

Answer 43

Ventral Horn

Question 44

What are the 2 Tracts in the White Matter?

Answer 44

Ascending and Descending Tracts - Linking Peripheral Nerves to the Brain

Question 45

What does the Ascending Tract do?

Answer 45

Transmits information from the Spinal Cord to the Brain

Question 46

What does the Descending Tract do?

Answer 46

Transmits Information from the Brain to the Spinal Cord

Question 47

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

Answer 47

Forebrain, Cerebellum, Brainstem

Question 48

What are the 2 Hemispheres of the Forebrain?

Answer 48

Cerebrum and Diencephalon

Question 49

What are the 3 Sub-divisions of the BrainStem?

Answer 49

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

Question 50

What does the Medulla Oblongata do?

Answer 50

Several Centres contain Vital Autonomic Function i.e Breathing

Question 51

What does the Pons do?

Answer 51

Acts as a Relay station between hemispheres

Question 52

What does the Midbrain do?

Answer 52

Controls Sensory and Motor functions including Eye Movement

Question 53

What is the Reticular Formation?

Answer 53

Network of interconnected Nuclei and Reticular activating system, output affects cerebral cortex i.e Awareness, Attention

Question 54

What does the Cerebellum do?

Answer 54

Control and Coordination of movement control centre, provides feedback to Brainstem and Cortex

Question 55

What are the 2 structures of the Diencephalon?

Answer 55

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Question 56

What does the Thalamus do?

Answer 56

Processes most sensory information

Question 57

What does the Hypothalamus do?

Answer 57

Regulates autonomic, endocrine and visceral functions, connects to limbic system

Question 58

What are the 2 components of the Cerebrum?

Answer 58

Deep subcortical nuclei (basal ganglia) and Cerebral Cortex (sulci and gyri grey matter)

Question 59

What are the 4 hemispheres of the Cerebral Cortex?

Answer 59

1. Frontal - Personality 2. Temporal - Senses 3. Parietal - Peripheral Sensation 4. Occipital - Vision

Question 60

What is the Basal Ganglia?

Answer 60

Collection of deep nuclei, helps to Initiate and Terminate movements

Question 61

What are the 4 Nuclei Involved with Basal Ganglia?

Answer 61

Caudate nucleus, Globus Pallidus, Putament, Striatum

Question 62

What is the Limbic System?

Answer 62

Generate emotional states and contribute to memory

Question 63

What important structures are in the Limbic System?

Answer 63

Amygdala, Hippocampus, Fornix, Cingulate Gyrus