Introduction to non-specific immunity

Question 1

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

Draining interstitial fluid from tissue spaces
Transporting dietary lipids
Defence against disease

Question 2

How is Lymph formed?

Answer 2

From blood plasma that filters from blood capillaries into interstitial space

Question 3

Where does Excess interstitial fluid pass through?

Answer 3

Endothelium of lymph vessels into lymph capillaries

Question 4

What are the Primary lymphatic organs?

Answer 4

Mature white blood cells called B and T lymphocytes, Red bone marrow and thymus gland

Question 5

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

Answer 5

Lymph nodes, spleen, lymph nodules

Question 6

What are infections caused by?

Answer 6

Pathogens

Question 7

Give me an example of a virus and bacteria infection?

Answer 7

Influenza virus, Clostridium tetani (tetanum)

Question 8

Give me an example of a Protozoa, fungi and helminths infection?

Answer 8

Plasmodium (malaria)
Candida albicans (thrush)
tapeworms

Question 9

What is the Innate immune system?

Answer 9

Non-specific, recognised molecules associated with pathogens, born with, respond immediately to pathogen

Question 10

What is the Adaptive immune system?

Answer 10

Specific - for antigen and found in vertebraes acquired by experience and memory

Question 11

Why is innate immunity important?

Answer 11

For initial immune response to a pathogen

Question 12

What is Haemotopoiesis?

Answer 12

HSC sustain blood cells throughout life, capable of self renewal and multipotent

Question 13

What is the Mechanism for non specific immune response?

Answer 13

Prevention of entry into the body and destruct foreign materials

Question 14

What are the 3 non-specific defences?

Answer 14

Antimicrobial proteins
Natural killer cells and Phagocytes
Inflammation

Question 15

What are the 3 Antimicrobial proteins?

Answer 15

Interferons
Compliment
Transferrins

Question 16

What do Interferons IFNS do?

Answer 16

Produced by lymphocytes - function as chemical messengers instruct neighbour cells to produce antiviral proteins

Question 17

What are the 3 types of Interferon proteins?

Answer 17

Alpha, Beta, Gamma

Question 18

What do compliment proteins do?

Answer 18

Found in inactive state in blood plasma on membrane forms a complement system. when active enhance inflammatory reactions

Question 19

What are transferrin proteins?

Answer 19

Iron binding proteins that inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing available iron

Question 20

What are Natural Killer cells?

Answer 20

Specialised granular lymphocytes that are crucial for defence against tumour and viral cells, dont detect pathogen directly

Question 21

How do NKs detect infected cells?

Answer 21

Defect effect on host cell and lack of host proteins or induction of stress proteins

Question 22

What do Nks attack?

Answer 22

Abnormal cell membrane proteins called MHC antigens, destroy by releasing perforins or binding and inflict damage directly

Question 23

What are phagocytes?

Answer 23

Engulfing cells and that can recognise microbes through specific receptors such as dendritic cells

Question 24

What is Inflammation?

Answer 24

Defence response to damage with response such as redness,pain, heat and swelling

Question 25

What are the functions of inflammation?

Answer 25

Traps invading microorganisms, allows region perfused with phagocytes and NK rich tissue fluids

Question 26

What is the Process of Inflammation?

Answer 26

Non-specific and follow same path regardless of damage.

Question 27

What are the 3 major phases of Inflammation?

Answer 27

Vasodilation and inreased permeability of blood vessels Phagocyte migration Tissue Repair

Question 28

What is the Inflammatory response aided by?

Answer 28

Histamine, kinins, prostaglandings, leukotriens and complements

Question 29

How does Histamine aid inflammation?

Answer 29

Released by mast cells in connective tissue and by basophils and plately. Histamines attracts neutrophils and macrophites to site of injury and induces vasodilation

Question 30

How does Kinins aid Inflammation?

Answer 30

Formed from inactive precursor molecules called kininogens and induces vasodilation and promotes chemotaxis by phagocytes

Question 31

How does Prostaglandins aid in inflammation?

Answer 31

PGS are lipids that are released by damaged cells, intensify effects of histamine and kinins and migrate phagocyte through capillary walls

Question 32

How does Leukotriens aid inflammation?

Answer 32

Act as guidance for phagocytes and increase vasodilation and adherence of phagocytes to pathogens

Question 33

How does Complement aid Inflammation?

Answer 33

Associate with release of histamine and attracts neutrophils for bacteria

Question 34

What happens following an injury?

Answer 34

Arteries dilate and more permeable resulting in localised edema, erythema and increased temp

Question 35

How is a scab formed?

Answer 35

Leakage of blood clotting factors into the injury

Question 36

What is the process of cells migrating from bloodstream to affected tissue?

Answer 36

Diapedesis

Question 37

What to WBCs enter wound site?

Answer 37

First neutrophils then monocytes

Question 38

How is pus formed?

Answer 38

When macrophages die

Question 39

How long does pus last?

Answer 39

Until infection is destroy and then drained or absorped

Question 40

If pus does not drain what happens?

Answer 40

results in abscess or inflamed spot, if tissue sloughs away then forms ulcer

Question 41

What is Ulceration a common feature in?

Answer 41

People with poor blood circulation i.e diabetics

Question 42

What does fever do?

Answer 42

Increase body temperature with inflammatory response

Question 43

Why does fever arise?

Answer 43

Bacterial toxins can elevate body temp by stimulating release of cytokines and interleukin-1

Question 44

What does the release of Cytokines and Interleukin-1 do?

Answer 44

Hypothalmic set point elevates increased temp and inhibit replication of bacteria

Question 45

What is the function of macrophages?

Answer 45

Role in homeostatis and tissue remodelling. ingest and process foreign material

Question 46

What are scavenger receptors?

Answer 46

part of macrophage that recognise apoptopic and necrotic cells

Question 47

What are Toll-like receptors?

Answer 47

Part of macrophage that recognise pathogens

Question 48

What are Pattern recognition receptors?

Answer 48

part of macrophage that detect non-self damage

Question 49

What macrophages express surface molecules?

Answer 49

CD11 B, CD68, CD18

Question 50

What do M1 macrophages do?

Answer 50

Defend against bacteria and have anti-tumour activity

Question 51

What do M2 macrophages do?

Answer 51

Anti-inflammatory action that regulate wound healing

Question 52

What do regulatory macrophages do?

Answer 52

Secrete large amounts of IL-10

Question 53

What do Myeloid suppressor (TAM) cells do?

Answer 53

Suppress anti-tumour immunity