Need to know Flashcards
Anne Hutchinson
Opposed John Winthrop’s ideas, held in court, defended herself with huge knowledge of bible, and embarrassed the members of the jury, made her place in Rhode Island.
James Otis
In 1761 he gave a speech opposing Writs of Assistance which was a search warrant, or anything the crown can allow, from the king which does not expire. He states that this is destructive of English liberty and principles of law. The writ would invade the privacy of ones home.
Roger Williams
English Protestant theologian who was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state. In 1636, began the colony of Providence Plantation, provided a refuge for religious minorities. He was a student of Native American languages and an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans. Organized the first attempt to prohibit slavery in any of the original thirteen colonies.
William Penn
SUPER Quaker, unorthodox, relations with people higher up gave him the charter to Penn’s Woods. Lead Quakers to Pennsylvania from everywhere in Europe, made much government and social progress.
Jonathan Edwards
Sparked the Great Awakening as the local congregational minster in Northampton. He accepted the traditional teachings of Calvinism. He thought his fellow misters had grown soft and taken impression that sinners might avoid damnation by performing good works. Didn’t possess the dynamic personality so he gave the speaking to George Whitefield. Put articles in newspapers, the power of press.
Quakers
People who believed in an extreme form of antinomianism. They saw no need for a learned ministry, one person’s interpretation of scripture was as valid as anyone else’s. Family belief system. Christian denomination. Belief that everyone could be saved. Very liberal about their views. George Fox successor (1624-1691).
House of Burguesses
1618 promised an elective representative assembly which was the House of Burgesses, first legislative assembly in North America founded by the Virginia company with a focus on tobacco profits. This was an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants.
Indentured servitude
essentially white slaves. Indentured servants where people too poor to pay their own way to america, so other people paid for their transport in exchange for work when they got there.
“A city upon a hill”
reintroduced by john Winthrop’s sermon given to future Massachusetts bay colonists. his idea was that their new community would be a city on a hill, with the whole world watching. the sermon reinforced the idea that america was gods country and the idea that Americans are the best.
Joint-stock company
an early company that sold stock in itself. The Virginia company being a notable example, forced to sell shares of itself in Virginia to fund the colony.
writs of assistance
a legal order from a court to an official, like a sheriff or tax collector, telling them to perform a certain task. writs of assistance could be warrants to search for contraband.
headright system
50 acres of land where given to settlers as a kind of reward for emigrating to the new world. the land went to whoever payed for travel, so indentured servant land went to the person who paid their travel expenses.
mercantilism
mercantilism is controlled colonies returning resources to the central country. the British system of mercantilism forced Americans to sell all raw materials to England for less than their worth.
salutary neglect
a policy throughout the 17th and 18th century of the British of not strictly enforcing the laws, meant to keep the colonies happy. the problems occurred when the British started their enforcement again, which came across to the colonials as very harsh and very sudden.
mayflower compact
After the Pilgrims landed in Maryland, they started to make the document to prevent anarchy, 41 men agreeing on November 11 to “covenant and combine our selves together into a civil body politik”
Navigation acts
Set of acts restricting trade and manufacturing in the colonies, all to the greater profit of England and the official implementation of Mercantilism.
Maryland Act of Religious Toleration
Act to say that if you discriminate against any other sect of Christianity, or speak out against anything about religion, you will get punished in a variety of ways, decreasing religious tension in the diverse area.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
The principle document of Connecticut, ordered for elections to be called by the people and set rules, that people were free-er, and made set rules of what the government and taxes work as.
Alexander Hamilton
first Secretary of the treasury, argued hard against Thomas Jefferson. second president of the society of the Cincinnati.fought to start the bank of the united states, also wrote multiple reports about how to run the economy of the US, which where pretty effective.
John Adams
made many controversial decisions during his time as president, and was hated by both parties. Alexander Hamilton lead his party, the federalists, against him. Adams passed the alien sedition acts and built up.
Thomas Paine
wrote common sense, a call to rebellion appealing to the average person. asked for independence from Britain and challenged British authority.
James Madison
fourth president of the US, key supporter and author of the Bill of Rights. along with Thomas Jefferson, organized the republican party. led the nation into the war of 1812.
George Washington
first president of the US. also commander during the revolution, first president of the society of the Cincinnati.
Thomas Jefferson
third president of the US, founding father, continuously warring with alexander Hamilton. was also the main author of the declaration of independence.
Jefferson Republicans
anti big government, believed in power to the common people with a strong emphasis on education. favored France over Britain.
Federalists
supported the constitution, mainly located in the large cities along the eastern seaboard.
Anti-Federalists
opposed the federalists, wanted what became the bill of rights. mainly located in the more rural areas, the south and the frontier.
Strict/loose construction
The difference of Democratic/Republicans and Federalists with either strict or loose enforcement of the constitution
checks and balances
Each part of the government as defined in the constitution having a check on the other to control their power and prevent abuse of power.
Implied powers
Pretty much the elastic clause, the battle over what the enumerated powers said in the constitution really meant.
republicanism
Meant a just society was one in which all citizens subordinated their private, selfish interest to the common good.
Bank of the United States
Hamilton started it, used to solidify and create a standard currency for use in making economics less sketchy. Opposed by Democratic/Republicans and was pushed by Federalists, eventually chartered for 20 years.
Consent of the Governed
The idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people.
Elastic Clause
Constitution could allow things if deemed necessary for the further good of the people and stuff.
Common Sense
Thomas Paine, written document for common people to unify the nation with a common opinion. Monarchy bad, liberty and equality for mankind, we should be independent from Britain and introduce our own trade system.
Land Ordinance of 1785/87
Hamilton’s plan to make money, dough, stacks on deck, bring the bread home, ya know, that stuff, he sold the land West because it was the only thing in the colonies that had actual value, surveyed a large percentage of it, every 1/30 square miles was sold to pay for education.
New Jersey/Virginia Plans
New Jersey plan was the Senate, the Virginia plan was the House of Rep. It was the different ways to vote.
Bill of Rights
The basic rights, complained about by the Anti-Federalists that they didn’t exist, and included guarantees for basic rights that people should hold in respect to their freedoms. Includes free speech, right to remain silent, and military people not being in your house.
Farewell Address
George Washington, talked about how political parties were bad, how we need to be one happy family, and how he was so done with politics.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Laws that allowed the government to deny foreigners and things that slandered the government, were very unconstitutional, and were only there to further the Federalists. Were inevitably stopped, and were acts that showed the constant struggle between the two parties.
Articles of Confederation
An agreement among the 13 founding states that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution. Its drafting by the Continental Congress began in mid-1776, and an approved version was sent in 1777.
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
James Madison and Thomas Jefferson made things that said how what was set out in the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional, and that the states as being part of an agreement, could leave America as part of that agreement if something was unconstitutional.
Declaration of Independence
A list of grievances toward King George, and what he did to the colonies, declaring themselves as a separate entity and an official country separate from Britain.
3/5’s compromise
A compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. Three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for representation purposes of taxes and the numbers of members of the United States House of Representatives.
Henry Clay
Father of American System, a tariff to stimulate industrial growth. Self sufficiency, increase industrialization in north.
Thomas Jeffereson
Oversaw purchase of Louisiana Territory, sent out L&C expedition, enacted emgargo laws “O GRAB ME” began process of removing Indian tribes to clear land for american settlers
John Marshall
4th Chief Justice of supreme court, gave shape to constitution and clarify the rule of supreme court. Protect individual liberty, economic growth, limit state action
Andrew Jackson
President who valued democracy, removed Indians, supported slavery, spoils system, supported common man, vetoed US Bank, Jack-ass
Daniel Webster
Most famous orators and influential Whig leaders of the Second Party System. He was a spokesman for modernization, banking and industry
John C. Calhoun
Voice of North Carolina, VP wrote the South Carolina exposition protesting against tariff of abominations
Nat Turner
African American slave who led a slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831 that resulted in 60 white deaths. Whites responded with at least 200 black deaths.
“King Mob”
people called andrew jackson king mob after he invited anyone who could come to the innauguration
War Hawks
the people who advocated going to war, specifically with the british over anything and everything that they did
Judicial Review
specific court with judicial review power which legislative and executive actions are subject to review
Sectionalism
restriction of interest, not for common good. South v. North v. West
Protective Tariff
the other name for the terrif of abomination, meant to protect northern industry from much cheaper goods from britain. kinda screwed over the south.
Transportation Revolution
Major advancements: Roads, steamboats, bridges. Easy, cheaper, more convenient and efficent
Nullification
states had the right to set aside federal law if they deemed it unconstitutional
Internal Improvements
the improvement of roads and canals. never really got supported by the feds, so it fell to states and to private companies.
Cult of domesticity
value system emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman’s role within the home and the dynamics of work and family
Rotation in Office
Rotate offices on a regular basis, with new officials. Everyday people can fun government
Nationalism
People’s love of the nation, stemmed from monuments, systems of transportation, and creation of things inside of our country. Sectionalism helped as well, with specialized industry and lots of swag.
isolationism
the idea that the americas should stay seperate from the rest of the world and not interfere, but focus on themselves.
Missouri Compromise
Missouri Comprimise was what created Maine to appease the slave states, make the numbers even.
American System
Tariffs, a national bank, and roads and transportation, made so that we could be self sustaining and prosperious without those European hoez. #Merica4Days
“Trail of Tears”
Cheroquie [sic] mostly, all marching in a forced march, thousands upon thousands died, and erryone cried. #trailofcry
Battle of New Orleans
the british attack on new orleans, british got owned and was a huge victory for the US. the battle happened after the treaty ending the war had been signed.
Hartford Convention
convention disucssing a whole bunch of stuff, like getting rid of the 3/5ths law and requiring a 2/3rds majority in congress to declare war.
Monroe Doctrine
the doctrine essentially says any colonization of the americas would be treates as an act of war by the US.
Tariff of Abominations
a tarrif to protect northern industry, hurt the south a lot. south carolina resisted the terrif, which prompted the force bill.
Marysville Road Veto
Andrew Jackson’s veto of a bill that would allow the federal government to buy stock in roads/railroads.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
fought for womens suffarage, wanted a ton more powers for women and was against the 14 and 15 amendment, because it didnt include women
David Wilmont
sponsor of wilmot proviso, aiming to ban slavery in land gained from mexico
Lyman Beecher
member of the temperance movement, against alchol and pro abstinence.
William Lloyd Garrison
began the liberator magazine, burned the constitution calling it a slave document.
Horace Mann
involved in education reform, father of the common school
Harriet Beecher Stowe
american abolitionist and author, wrote uncle toms cabin
James K. Polk
vowed to serve only one term, listed specific goals and nailed them. goals where oregon & money
“Fire Eaters”
Pro-Slavery politicians who supported the South becoming its own nation. Transformed into Confederate States of Americans
Abolitionism
Anti-Slavery, emancipation of slavery in the south.
Popular Sovereignity
The authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives, by the people for the people.
Manifest Destiny
Believe that American System is the best system and our duty to expand because out system is the best. Goal to take the entire North American Continent.
Underground Railroad
Black operated, by Harriet Tubman, lead blacks to freedom, protected fugitives and thwarted slave catchers. Helped moved families.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Book written by Harriet Beecher with an emotional portrayal of the impact of slavery, slaves are people too. Successful, the book that started the great war. Printed 1852.
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects
Mexican-American War
Conflict after US annexation of Texas; Mexico still considered Texas its own; US won, granted all land from Texas to California in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Seneca Falls Convention
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton planned convention after they as women were excluded from an abolitionist conference. Created Declaration of Sentiments
Wilmot Proviso
an attempt to ensure that any territory gained from mexico would not be slave states
Ulysses S. Grant
1862 he captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee, escaped defeat at the Battle of Shiloh. Ended Confederate control of the Mississippi in Vicksburg. Defeated Bragg at Chattanooga. Directed the Union army in the Wilderness Campaign and received Lee’s surrender.
Thaddeus Stevens
the leaders of the Radical Republican. Opponent of slavery and discrimination against African-Americans, secure their rights during Reconstruction, opposition to President Andrew Johnson.
John Brown
American abolitionist who attempted to end slavery through the use of violence. This increased the tension between the North and South.
Hinton R. Helper
book entitled ‘Impending Crisis of the South’ prove that indirectly the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery; banned in the South, distributed as campaign material for republicans
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history. Republican.
Dred Scott
black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. Ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. could not sue in a federal court.
William T. Sherman
He fought in the Vicksburg and Chatanooga campaigns and undertook the Atlanta Campaign. He burned Atlanta and set off, with a force of 60,000, on his famous march to the sea, devastating the country. After capturing Savannah, he turned north through S. Carolina, and received the surrender of General Johnston.
Harriet Tubman
Abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland, conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
Carpetbaggers
Reconstruction Northerners who ran programs (implying the suitcases they had were stuffed with money stolen from the south.
radical republicans
Favored full protection of African Amer. and equal rights. Distrusted confederates involved in government, fear of old ruling class exceed presidential authority. Wanted to social structure of the South to be changed before it was restored to the Union, and southern punishment. Did not support Lincoln. Radical Reconstruction.
“personal liberty laws”
Laws passed in northern states to conquer requirements of fugitive slave law including right to jury trials and forbidding state authorities from cooperating in their capture and return
Peculiar Institution
was a euphemism for slavery in the south, a way to justify is use. “Our peculiar institution”
Sharecropping
Traded part of their crop for right to work someone else’s land. Kept newly freed blacks in debt.
Freedman’s Bureau
1865: Help former slaves integrate into society. Find food, housing, employment and developed public institutions.
Scalawags
Supporting African Americans and reconstruction but from the south. Unloyal and more disliked than a carpetbagger.
Ku Klux Klan
Founded by South confederate veterans. Prompted interests of white protestants, violent acts against African Americans and other Ethnic and religious minorities. If you don’t vote democratically, don’t vote at all.
“Bleeding Kansas”
Bloody violence there between those who wished it to enter the Union as a free state and those who fought for slavery in the territory (“border ruffians”). Henry Beecher selling bibles for Guns.
Dred Scott Decision
Slave sued for freedom (brought into free state from slave state). Roger B. Taney (Judge). No right to sue, not a citizen, piece of property. Anyone can take slaves with them even beyond Missouri compromise.
Emancipation Proclamation
1862 - Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.
Black Codes
Local laws intended to force African-Americans to continue working as plantation laborers. They imposed prohibitive taxes, harsh vagrancy laws meant to intimidate the freedmen, restrictions on ability to own property.
Thirteenth Amendment
Outlaws slavery and non-voluntary servitude
Fugitive Slave Law
Requires every person to participate in slave catching. Personal liberty laws null & void. Judge decide fate ($10 for slave $5 for free captured person).
Military Reconstruction Act
Creation of 5 military districts in south which served as acting government for region. Protection of blacks from white supremacist violence.
Fourteenth Amendment
Overturns Dred Scott. Gives citizenship to all persons born in states, “due process” clause, “equal protection” clause, deprives states of rep. in congress preventing some citizens of voting.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
In 1854, said that Kansas and Nebraska should come into the Union under popular sovereignty.
Compromise of 1850
Insured 5 things following Mexican-Amer. war designed by Henry Clay: Decision about free/slave state will be addressed when applied as a free state. California free state (appeal to North). Texas pay 10 Mil. to Mexico for land. End slave trade in D.C. Fugitive Slave law enacted (appeal to South)
