Need to know Flashcards
Anne Hutchinson
Opposed John Winthrop’s ideas, held in court, defended herself with huge knowledge of bible, and embarrassed the members of the jury, made her place in Rhode Island.
James Otis
In 1761 he gave a speech opposing Writs of Assistance which was a search warrant, or anything the crown can allow, from the king which does not expire. He states that this is destructive of English liberty and principles of law. The writ would invade the privacy of ones home.
Roger Williams
English Protestant theologian who was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state. In 1636, began the colony of Providence Plantation, provided a refuge for religious minorities. He was a student of Native American languages and an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans. Organized the first attempt to prohibit slavery in any of the original thirteen colonies.
William Penn
SUPER Quaker, unorthodox, relations with people higher up gave him the charter to Penn’s Woods. Lead Quakers to Pennsylvania from everywhere in Europe, made much government and social progress.
Jonathan Edwards
Sparked the Great Awakening as the local congregational minster in Northampton. He accepted the traditional teachings of Calvinism. He thought his fellow misters had grown soft and taken impression that sinners might avoid damnation by performing good works. Didn’t possess the dynamic personality so he gave the speaking to George Whitefield. Put articles in newspapers, the power of press.
Quakers
People who believed in an extreme form of antinomianism. They saw no need for a learned ministry, one person’s interpretation of scripture was as valid as anyone else’s. Family belief system. Christian denomination. Belief that everyone could be saved. Very liberal about their views. George Fox successor (1624-1691).
House of Burguesses
1618 promised an elective representative assembly which was the House of Burgesses, first legislative assembly in North America founded by the Virginia company with a focus on tobacco profits. This was an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants.
Indentured servitude
essentially white slaves. Indentured servants where people too poor to pay their own way to america, so other people paid for their transport in exchange for work when they got there.
“A city upon a hill”
reintroduced by john Winthrop’s sermon given to future Massachusetts bay colonists. his idea was that their new community would be a city on a hill, with the whole world watching. the sermon reinforced the idea that america was gods country and the idea that Americans are the best.
Joint-stock company
an early company that sold stock in itself. The Virginia company being a notable example, forced to sell shares of itself in Virginia to fund the colony.
writs of assistance
a legal order from a court to an official, like a sheriff or tax collector, telling them to perform a certain task. writs of assistance could be warrants to search for contraband.
headright system
50 acres of land where given to settlers as a kind of reward for emigrating to the new world. the land went to whoever payed for travel, so indentured servant land went to the person who paid their travel expenses.
mercantilism
mercantilism is controlled colonies returning resources to the central country. the British system of mercantilism forced Americans to sell all raw materials to England for less than their worth.
salutary neglect
a policy throughout the 17th and 18th century of the British of not strictly enforcing the laws, meant to keep the colonies happy. the problems occurred when the British started their enforcement again, which came across to the colonials as very harsh and very sudden.
mayflower compact
After the Pilgrims landed in Maryland, they started to make the document to prevent anarchy, 41 men agreeing on November 11 to “covenant and combine our selves together into a civil body politik”
Navigation acts
Set of acts restricting trade and manufacturing in the colonies, all to the greater profit of England and the official implementation of Mercantilism.
Maryland Act of Religious Toleration
Act to say that if you discriminate against any other sect of Christianity, or speak out against anything about religion, you will get punished in a variety of ways, decreasing religious tension in the diverse area.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
The principle document of Connecticut, ordered for elections to be called by the people and set rules, that people were free-er, and made set rules of what the government and taxes work as.
Alexander Hamilton
first Secretary of the treasury, argued hard against Thomas Jefferson. second president of the society of the Cincinnati.fought to start the bank of the united states, also wrote multiple reports about how to run the economy of the US, which where pretty effective.
John Adams
made many controversial decisions during his time as president, and was hated by both parties. Alexander Hamilton lead his party, the federalists, against him. Adams passed the alien sedition acts and built up.
Thomas Paine
wrote common sense, a call to rebellion appealing to the average person. asked for independence from Britain and challenged British authority.
James Madison
fourth president of the US, key supporter and author of the Bill of Rights. along with Thomas Jefferson, organized the republican party. led the nation into the war of 1812.
George Washington
first president of the US. also commander during the revolution, first president of the society of the Cincinnati.
Thomas Jefferson
third president of the US, founding father, continuously warring with alexander Hamilton. was also the main author of the declaration of independence.
Jefferson Republicans
anti big government, believed in power to the common people with a strong emphasis on education. favored France over Britain.
Federalists
supported the constitution, mainly located in the large cities along the eastern seaboard.
Anti-Federalists
opposed the federalists, wanted what became the bill of rights. mainly located in the more rural areas, the south and the frontier.
Strict/loose construction
The difference of Democratic/Republicans and Federalists with either strict or loose enforcement of the constitution
checks and balances
Each part of the government as defined in the constitution having a check on the other to control their power and prevent abuse of power.
Implied powers
Pretty much the elastic clause, the battle over what the enumerated powers said in the constitution really meant.
republicanism
Meant a just society was one in which all citizens subordinated their private, selfish interest to the common good.
Bank of the United States
Hamilton started it, used to solidify and create a standard currency for use in making economics less sketchy. Opposed by Democratic/Republicans and was pushed by Federalists, eventually chartered for 20 years.
Consent of the Governed
The idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people.
Elastic Clause
Constitution could allow things if deemed necessary for the further good of the people and stuff.
Common Sense
Thomas Paine, written document for common people to unify the nation with a common opinion. Monarchy bad, liberty and equality for mankind, we should be independent from Britain and introduce our own trade system.
Land Ordinance of 1785/87
Hamilton’s plan to make money, dough, stacks on deck, bring the bread home, ya know, that stuff, he sold the land West because it was the only thing in the colonies that had actual value, surveyed a large percentage of it, every 1/30 square miles was sold to pay for education.
New Jersey/Virginia Plans
New Jersey plan was the Senate, the Virginia plan was the House of Rep. It was the different ways to vote.
Bill of Rights
The basic rights, complained about by the Anti-Federalists that they didn’t exist, and included guarantees for basic rights that people should hold in respect to their freedoms. Includes free speech, right to remain silent, and military people not being in your house.
Farewell Address
George Washington, talked about how political parties were bad, how we need to be one happy family, and how he was so done with politics.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Laws that allowed the government to deny foreigners and things that slandered the government, were very unconstitutional, and were only there to further the Federalists. Were inevitably stopped, and were acts that showed the constant struggle between the two parties.
Articles of Confederation
An agreement among the 13 founding states that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution. Its drafting by the Continental Congress began in mid-1776, and an approved version was sent in 1777.
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
James Madison and Thomas Jefferson made things that said how what was set out in the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional, and that the states as being part of an agreement, could leave America as part of that agreement if something was unconstitutional.
Declaration of Independence
A list of grievances toward King George, and what he did to the colonies, declaring themselves as a separate entity and an official country separate from Britain.
3/5’s compromise
A compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. Three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for representation purposes of taxes and the numbers of members of the United States House of Representatives.
Henry Clay
Father of American System, a tariff to stimulate industrial growth. Self sufficiency, increase industrialization in north.
Thomas Jeffereson
Oversaw purchase of Louisiana Territory, sent out L&C expedition, enacted emgargo laws “O GRAB ME” began process of removing Indian tribes to clear land for american settlers
John Marshall
4th Chief Justice of supreme court, gave shape to constitution and clarify the rule of supreme court. Protect individual liberty, economic growth, limit state action
Andrew Jackson
President who valued democracy, removed Indians, supported slavery, spoils system, supported common man, vetoed US Bank, Jack-ass
Daniel Webster
Most famous orators and influential Whig leaders of the Second Party System. He was a spokesman for modernization, banking and industry
John C. Calhoun
Voice of North Carolina, VP wrote the South Carolina exposition protesting against tariff of abominations
Nat Turner
African American slave who led a slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831 that resulted in 60 white deaths. Whites responded with at least 200 black deaths.
“King Mob”
people called andrew jackson king mob after he invited anyone who could come to the innauguration
War Hawks
the people who advocated going to war, specifically with the british over anything and everything that they did
Judicial Review
specific court with judicial review power which legislative and executive actions are subject to review
Sectionalism
restriction of interest, not for common good. South v. North v. West
Protective Tariff
the other name for the terrif of abomination, meant to protect northern industry from much cheaper goods from britain. kinda screwed over the south.
Transportation Revolution
Major advancements: Roads, steamboats, bridges. Easy, cheaper, more convenient and efficent
Nullification
states had the right to set aside federal law if they deemed it unconstitutional
Internal Improvements
the improvement of roads and canals. never really got supported by the feds, so it fell to states and to private companies.
Cult of domesticity
value system emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman’s role within the home and the dynamics of work and family
Rotation in Office
Rotate offices on a regular basis, with new officials. Everyday people can fun government
Nationalism
People’s love of the nation, stemmed from monuments, systems of transportation, and creation of things inside of our country. Sectionalism helped as well, with specialized industry and lots of swag.
isolationism
the idea that the americas should stay seperate from the rest of the world and not interfere, but focus on themselves.
Missouri Compromise
Missouri Comprimise was what created Maine to appease the slave states, make the numbers even.
American System
Tariffs, a national bank, and roads and transportation, made so that we could be self sustaining and prosperious without those European hoez. #Merica4Days
“Trail of Tears”
Cheroquie [sic] mostly, all marching in a forced march, thousands upon thousands died, and erryone cried. #trailofcry
Battle of New Orleans
the british attack on new orleans, british got owned and was a huge victory for the US. the battle happened after the treaty ending the war had been signed.
Hartford Convention
convention disucssing a whole bunch of stuff, like getting rid of the 3/5ths law and requiring a 2/3rds majority in congress to declare war.
Monroe Doctrine
the doctrine essentially says any colonization of the americas would be treates as an act of war by the US.
Tariff of Abominations
a tarrif to protect northern industry, hurt the south a lot. south carolina resisted the terrif, which prompted the force bill.
Marysville Road Veto
Andrew Jackson’s veto of a bill that would allow the federal government to buy stock in roads/railroads.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
fought for womens suffarage, wanted a ton more powers for women and was against the 14 and 15 amendment, because it didnt include women
David Wilmont
sponsor of wilmot proviso, aiming to ban slavery in land gained from mexico
Lyman Beecher
member of the temperance movement, against alchol and pro abstinence.
William Lloyd Garrison
began the liberator magazine, burned the constitution calling it a slave document.
Horace Mann
involved in education reform, father of the common school
Harriet Beecher Stowe
american abolitionist and author, wrote uncle toms cabin
James K. Polk
vowed to serve only one term, listed specific goals and nailed them. goals where oregon & money
“Fire Eaters”
Pro-Slavery politicians who supported the South becoming its own nation. Transformed into Confederate States of Americans
Abolitionism
Anti-Slavery, emancipation of slavery in the south.
Popular Sovereignity
The authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives, by the people for the people.
Manifest Destiny
Believe that American System is the best system and our duty to expand because out system is the best. Goal to take the entire North American Continent.
Underground Railroad
Black operated, by Harriet Tubman, lead blacks to freedom, protected fugitives and thwarted slave catchers. Helped moved families.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Book written by Harriet Beecher with an emotional portrayal of the impact of slavery, slaves are people too. Successful, the book that started the great war. Printed 1852.
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects
Mexican-American War
Conflict after US annexation of Texas; Mexico still considered Texas its own; US won, granted all land from Texas to California in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Seneca Falls Convention
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton planned convention after they as women were excluded from an abolitionist conference. Created Declaration of Sentiments
Wilmot Proviso
an attempt to ensure that any territory gained from mexico would not be slave states
Ulysses S. Grant
1862 he captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee, escaped defeat at the Battle of Shiloh. Ended Confederate control of the Mississippi in Vicksburg. Defeated Bragg at Chattanooga. Directed the Union army in the Wilderness Campaign and received Lee’s surrender.
Thaddeus Stevens
the leaders of the Radical Republican. Opponent of slavery and discrimination against African-Americans, secure their rights during Reconstruction, opposition to President Andrew Johnson.
John Brown
American abolitionist who attempted to end slavery through the use of violence. This increased the tension between the North and South.
Hinton R. Helper
book entitled ‘Impending Crisis of the South’ prove that indirectly the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery; banned in the South, distributed as campaign material for republicans
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history. Republican.
Dred Scott
black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. Ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. could not sue in a federal court.
William T. Sherman
He fought in the Vicksburg and Chatanooga campaigns and undertook the Atlanta Campaign. He burned Atlanta and set off, with a force of 60,000, on his famous march to the sea, devastating the country. After capturing Savannah, he turned north through S. Carolina, and received the surrender of General Johnston.
Harriet Tubman
Abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland, conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
Carpetbaggers
Reconstruction Northerners who ran programs (implying the suitcases they had were stuffed with money stolen from the south.
radical republicans
Favored full protection of African Amer. and equal rights. Distrusted confederates involved in government, fear of old ruling class exceed presidential authority. Wanted to social structure of the South to be changed before it was restored to the Union, and southern punishment. Did not support Lincoln. Radical Reconstruction.
“personal liberty laws”
Laws passed in northern states to conquer requirements of fugitive slave law including right to jury trials and forbidding state authorities from cooperating in their capture and return
Peculiar Institution
was a euphemism for slavery in the south, a way to justify is use. “Our peculiar institution”
Sharecropping
Traded part of their crop for right to work someone else’s land. Kept newly freed blacks in debt.
Freedman’s Bureau
1865: Help former slaves integrate into society. Find food, housing, employment and developed public institutions.
Scalawags
Supporting African Americans and reconstruction but from the south. Unloyal and more disliked than a carpetbagger.
Ku Klux Klan
Founded by South confederate veterans. Prompted interests of white protestants, violent acts against African Americans and other Ethnic and religious minorities. If you don’t vote democratically, don’t vote at all.
“Bleeding Kansas”
Bloody violence there between those who wished it to enter the Union as a free state and those who fought for slavery in the territory (“border ruffians”). Henry Beecher selling bibles for Guns.
Dred Scott Decision
Slave sued for freedom (brought into free state from slave state). Roger B. Taney (Judge). No right to sue, not a citizen, piece of property. Anyone can take slaves with them even beyond Missouri compromise.
Emancipation Proclamation
1862 - Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.
Black Codes
Local laws intended to force African-Americans to continue working as plantation laborers. They imposed prohibitive taxes, harsh vagrancy laws meant to intimidate the freedmen, restrictions on ability to own property.
Thirteenth Amendment
Outlaws slavery and non-voluntary servitude
Fugitive Slave Law
Requires every person to participate in slave catching. Personal liberty laws null & void. Judge decide fate ($10 for slave $5 for free captured person).
Military Reconstruction Act
Creation of 5 military districts in south which served as acting government for region. Protection of blacks from white supremacist violence.
Fourteenth Amendment
Overturns Dred Scott. Gives citizenship to all persons born in states, “due process” clause, “equal protection” clause, deprives states of rep. in congress preventing some citizens of voting.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
In 1854, said that Kansas and Nebraska should come into the Union under popular sovereignty.
Compromise of 1850
Insured 5 things following Mexican-Amer. war designed by Henry Clay: Decision about free/slave state will be addressed when applied as a free state. California free state (appeal to North). Texas pay 10 Mil. to Mexico for land. End slave trade in D.C. Fugitive Slave law enacted (appeal to South)
Fifteenth Amendment
Prohibits the states and federal government from suing a citizen’s race, color, or previous status as a slave as a voting qualification. Black suffrage.
Andrew Carnegie
Born into a poor(ish) family, he lead the iron monopoly through vertical expansion, buying every step of the iron process, and wrote the “Gospel of Wealth” calling on the rich to improve society.
Jane Addams
established the Hull House in Chicago in 1889 (most prominent American settlement house, mostly for immigrants); condemned war and poverty;
Jacob Riis
Muckraker, exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel “How The Other Half Lives”; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell’s Kitchen
William Jennings Bryan
Represented by the Cowardly Lion in the wizard of Oz, gave a lot of speeches, the first senator of a third party that got over a million votes. Populist, free silver.
Terence V. Powderly
Head of the Knights of Labor, he lead the more open and socialist in nature union, ended up leading his union into the ground.
John D. Rockefeller
Oil baron, used horizontal expansion and bought all the oil companies that became part of the trust. Monopolized 90 percent of oil in America.
Booker T. Washington
Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights. “Atlanta Compromise” speech that blacks had to accept segregation in the short term as they focused on economic gain to achieve political equality in the future.
W.E.B. DuBois
He felt that immediate “ceaseless agitation” was the only way to truly attain equal rights. As editor of the black publication “The Crisis,” he publicized his disdain for Washington and was instrumental in the creation of the “Niagara Movement,” which later became the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). He eventually grew weary of the slow pace of racial equality in the United States and renounced his citizenship and moved to Ghana in 1961, where he died two years later.
Helen Hunt Jackson
Wrote a century of dishonor, the only thing ever sympathetic to Native Americans. No one cared until that whole “Humanitarian” stuff became a thing.
J. Pierpoint Morgan
Made money by being good with money. In all deals where the economics were at stake, he would be a meidator and handle money. Described as pretty much the pied piper.
Samuel Gompers
Leader of the union “American Federation of Labor,” he worked for craft unions and skilled labor. hated socialists even though he lead a union, because his people weren’t freeloaders or “scabs.”
The “Solid South”
The electoral support of the Southern United States for Democratic Party candidates in 1877. Majority of local and state officeholders in the South were Democrats.
Populists
The People’s party, represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation’s farmers. Wanted to nationalize the railroads, create a graduated income tax, and unlimited coinage of silver.
Farmers Alliance
Organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system, supported the government regulation of the transportation industry, establishment of an income tax to restrict speculative profits. Became involved with the populists.
The Grange
It was a farmers’ movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area “granges” to work for their political and economic advantages. National Grange is the Patrons of Husbandry the Granger movement regulated the railroads and grain warehouses
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Lead by Samuel Gompers, represented skilled workers unions across nation. Cannot break a strike w/no replacement. Only concerned w/wages and working conditions.
Knights of Labor
1869 Labor Union where all people except bankers, lawyers, stock brokers, doctors, gamblers, and manufacturers were not allowed. Permitted blacks, females and associations and individuals. They were “producers” together in one union fighting to transform society as a whole (more than just wages and working conditions). Leader: Terrence Powderly
Hull House
A settlement house created in 1889 by by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr open to recently arrived European immigrants. The concept continued to grow.
Pool
a bunch of people with money, established to manipulate prices
The “Bloody Shirt”
a political technique, associating the opposite side with being un-american
Yellow Journalsim
journalism without any facts behind it, bad journalism.
Social Gospel
the government should help the poor, socialism
Free Silver
Movement for using silver in all aspects of currency. Not adopted because all other countries used a gold standard.
Trust
a bunch of businesses in the same industry who gather together to manipulate prices.
Settlement House
an organization that was trying to get the rich and the poor to live closer together.
Gospel of Wealth
the poor should just work harder, then they wouldn’t be poor! Written by Andrew Carnegie
Injunction
a legal order against strikes. businesses could get an injunction against strikes to make them illegal.
16th Amendment
allowed an income tax, distributes the tax
“Cross of Gold” Speech
a speech by williams jenning brian against the use of the gold standard, in favor of free silver.
Omahah Platform
The populist party’s platform, represented with farmers and those more out West working on farms and as more blue collar work.
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 was a deal that settled the 1876 presidential election. Pulled federal troops out of state politics in the South, and ended the Reconstruction Era. Through the Compromise, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes became president.
Haymarket Bombing
started by the haymark riots, which started in a reaper factory. standoff between union strikers and cops. someone threw a bomb and it killed a bunch of cops, and a pile of union leaders where arrested and put to death for it.
Morrill Act
part of land grants, the government gave land to colleges.
Granger Laws
regulated the price of shipping and storage of grain for farmers.
Pullman Strike
a nationwide railroad strike. people where pissed because they lived in company towns and wages where cut in half but prices stayed the same.
Great RR Strike
Millions of dollars of property was destroyed as the strike, caused by disgruntled railroad workers hoping to get higher wages, waged on and was eventually ended by federal authorities.
Wabash Case
Disputes in the functions of railroads caused the interstate commerce commission to be created, and severely limited states capacity for dictating commerce.
Dawes Severalty Act
Divided up the tribes and gave them individual land, essentially killing the tribes.
Homestead Act
People moving west would be granted land and whatever else for moving and settling down on the frontier.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws that made it so that blacks essentially couldn’t do anything, no voting or whatever because of the weird laws.
Lincoln Stephens
Wrote “The shame of the cities” revealing of the corruption in American Government, supported communism, governmental reform–municipal
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Wrote “The Influence of Sea Power upon History”, argued that a nation is stronger with a functioning navey. U.S. Needed refuel stations located around the globe (Coal, friendly ports).
Ida Tarbell
“The history of Standard Oil” Analyze Rockefeller’s business maneuvers and communicated to public. Secret rebates, bribing of legislature.
Upton Sinclair (The jungle)
Exposed the conditions of meat industry, narrative of the industry, plight of the immigrant, everyone eats meat (beef trust). Change the quality of meat over working conditions.
Robert LaFollette
American Republican, leader of populist party/progressive party. Face of reforming big business, regulated railroads, workman’s compensation, democracy focus
Muckrackers
Reporters uncovering the corruption in the states that then lead to a lot of legislation. One of the most prominent pieces was The Jungle by Upton Sinclair.
Irreconcilables
Against the League of Nations, anything that had the League of Nations in it, they would veto, because our army is for us to abuse.
Australian Ballot
Secret Ballot: No one knows how a citizen voted
initiative
Voting publicly to petition state government to consider bills wanted by people
collective security
an agreement between many countries to help and protect each other.
recall
Voters have the right to remove elected representatives from office
referendum
Gave voters the right to decide if a proposed state law should be passed
direct primary
Choice of who runs for office to voters, rather than political bosses.
19th Amendment
allowed women to vote
Meat Inspection Act
prevented nasty ass meat from being sold, ensured shit was kept sanitary. meat was super nasty.
Pure Food & Drug Act
federal fod and drug administration law, preventing nasty food and stuff from being sold.
Federal Reserve Act
created federal reserve, the central banking system of the country, allowed it to control circulation of cash monet.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
added leitamacy to the antitrust abilities of the nation. also sorted out many of the issues brought up by the sherman anti trust act. was much better and actually toasted some of the trusts.
Food & Drug Admin
federal program to regulate food companies and protect public safety from the big food companies who where being hella disgusting.
The Lusitania
a british ocean liner that was sunk by a german submarine while travelling between the US and Brittain during WW1. the ship was sunk because the British where transporting armaments onboard, but there where also US passengers, so the US got pissed about it.
Federal Trade Commission
Established to make fair trade and prevent monopolies in things like railroads. Lead to railroads buying newspapers.
Fourteen Points
Wilson’s super idealistic ideas about League of Nations and everyone being together. Everyone just wanted a part of Germany.
League of Nations
The failed League that was super ineffective and a horrible piece of foreign affairs. We weren’t a part of it though so it was fine.
18th Amendment
Prohibited alchoholic beverages. Prohabishun.
Hepburn Act
Another act against railroads, restricting their rates and resisting how much they could actually do, passed in 1906.
Muller v. Oregon
an act that limited the maximum hours of women working. good for labor people, bad for feminists.
Workman’s Comp Act
heightened the rights of employees to bring legal action against their employers for injuries. Prior to this act, the employee had to prove they were not at fault and that it was not a normal risk. This act created scales of compensation for any injury, regardless to the party responsible.
Creel Committee
essentially the propoganda department, sought to influence the country in support of the war.
Eleanor Roosevelt
Wife of FDR, famous human rights activist and really active first lady.
Huey Long
As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his “Share Our Wealth” programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, et
Joseph Stalin
Ruler of Russia after dat revolution doe. He was prettendy to be bes frans with they buddy Germany and then used its people to freaking kill them after.
John L. Lewis
President of United Mine Workers, helped FDR but also opposed him as an isolationist.
Winston Churchhill
Prime Minister of being a baller. He kept Britain alive enough during the blitz to tell Germany to go suck a dick. Then killed them. It was pretty cool. Made the big boy decisions with FDR and stuff.
Margaret Sanger
American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900’s. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, later became Planned Parenthood.
Francis Townshend
Townshend Plan designed social security important politician for new deal.
Bonus Marchers
world war 1 veterans who marched on washington DC to protest not being paid their bonuses from the war. happened during the depression
Nye Committee
a committee for investigating the munitions industry, essentially contributed to us not wanting to be in WW1. munition makers got crazy fuck rich, and nye exposed them, so people felt betrayed. “Merchants of Death”
Committee to Defend America by Aiding Allies
Leading U.S. group advocating American support for Britain in the the fight against Hitler
“Merchants of Death”
the arms dealers who sold weapons during ww1, where blamed for making the war worse. part of the reason we banned selling weapons to warring countries after ww1.
American First Comm
isolationist group, didnt want america to get involved in europe
“Flappers”
essentially liberal girls/sluts. they where kinda looked down on for not following social norms.
The “three R’s”
FDR’s three objectives for which he called the Hundred Days relief, recovery, and reform
“Cash-and-carry”
Neutrality Acts of 1937 and 1939; sale of supplies to belligerents if they transport the goods and purchase with no loans. Eventually extended to war materials.
Lend-lease
FDR “Garden Hose” speech. Replace Cash and carry. saying that this was not the time to talk about money in the war, suggested that they were never going to get paid back.
Dust Bowl
A period of severe dust storms in America because of over farming. Fucking sucked for farmers
Court Packing Scheme
FDR’s scheme to try and remove all the old shits and fatass’s from Congress and replace them with more reasonable people
Hundred Days
The first hundred days of FDR’s first term where he made a bunch of new programs to address the Great Depression
Isolationism
It was America saying fuck you Europe, don’t want no part of your stupid war
Installment Buying
The buyer gains the use of the commodity immediately and then pays for it in periodic payments called installments. Americans also fucked over economy by using installment buy to buy shit that they couldn’t afford
Sacco-Vanzetti Case
The trial of two Italian immigrants found guilty for murder on very little evidence. Despite tampering of evidence, obvious prejudice and racism, they were put to death.
Red Scare
The threat of Russia and communists at the time. This lead to the eventual Cold War.
Glass-Steagall Act
Goal to put an end to commercial banks engaging in investing depositor funds in the stock market after the market crash. Created FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.) to insure depositors won’t loose money.
Teapot Dome Scandel
a bribery that happened, let oil barons buy territory in oklahoma with a no bid contract.
Reconstruction Finance Corp. (RFC)
Hoover-sponsored federal agency that provided loans to hard-pressed banks and businesses after 1932
Works Progress Admin. (WPA)
Extension of the PWA with theater, architecture, projects creating job opportunities. Many different kinds of peoples pockets.. extending revenue markets.
National Recovery Act (NRA)
Created NRA (National Recovery Admin) and PWA (Public Works Admin). NRA: Strengthen industrial sector of economy. Fair competition with regulation of wages, working hours, prices
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
goal to beautify the nation, reduce hooliganism, get money to needy
Social Security Act
This was part of the new deal where since old people didn’t have an income, we would give them mandatory income that they could spend and inflate the economy.
Wagner Act
National Labor Relations Act. Collective bargaining is a ridge, collective action for legitimate grievance is a right, unfair labor practices are not all right.
Securities and Exchange Comm (SEC)
Watch dog of Wall Street: banning stock manipulation, getting ride of unscrupulous brokers, and taking over enforcement of Truth in Securities Act.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Goal to develop Tennessee Valley region by building dams and power plants. Creating jobs, opportunity and electricity in an economically depressed region.
Nation Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
Enforced Wagner/National Labor Relations Act. Judge fair labor standards
Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA)
Pay farmers to cut productions. Raise farm prices y lowering farm production. Money to subsidize famers comes from “processing” tax
Potsdam Conference
1945 Stalin, Truman, Churchill; unconditional surrender to Japan, denazify, decentralize, disarm, and democratize Germany. Trial of war criminals. Truman did not tell Stalin about the atomic bomb (but Stalin already knew)
George F Kennan
An american diplomat in moscow, best known as “the father of containment” and as a key figure in the emergence of the cold war
George Marshall
George Marshall United States general, who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
Imma stay in ma seat bro, you move..
Ho Chi Minh
leader of the Nationalist group in Vietnam that eventually defeated the French and became the leader of the Republic of Vietnam
Alger Hiss
A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy (giving classified documents to the Soviets) and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Non-violent black leader whose advocacy of peaceful change came under attack from militants after 1965
Julius & Ethel Rosenburg
American communists who were executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage. The charges related to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.
Joseph McCarthy
United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists
SCLC
Southern black rights organization, M.L.K. was its first president, and tried to make progress with civil rights in the south.
Peace Corps
Tried to make the American image better by sending people out into low income places, made by Kennedy, and was effective in that respect.
Freedom Riders
Groups of blacks who rode into the south on buses to spread the rights movement to the south, lead to lots of violence.
SNCC
Focused on black power and lead by revolutionaries like Stokely Carmichael, was the big part of the student revolution.
HUAC
Different from McCarthyism in the inspection of Anti-Communist activities, because they didn’t suck at it, as much.
Military-industrial complex
Created by Dwight D. Eisenhower in his farewell speech. A cooperative relationship between nation’s military, economy, and politics.
containment
A foreign policy developed by diplomat George Kennan that claimed that the only way to stop Russia and expansionist ways was to contain it.
McCarthyism
Practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. Made by McCarthy because of is methods of accusing people of being communists.
Conformity
Strong patriotism and need to conform to try to avoid blame during red scare, non-churchgoers, unmarried, and critics suspected as communists
Beatnik/”Beat” Gen.
A group of rebellious writers and intellectuals. They advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against social standards.
“massive retaliation”
The concept that once someone started fighting (Soviet Union or America), massive retaliation would follow the first attack. Considering attacks would involve nukes, it basically meant world destruction.
Iron Curtian
Concept created by Winston Churchill. It was the referring to the rise of communism there as satellite nations under the USSR.
Levitowns
Utilized mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban NY to relieve postwar housing shortage; became symbol of movement to suburbs; conformity of houses; diverse communities; home for lower-middle class families
Truman Doctrine
Stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. Stopping the spread of the sphere of communist influence.
Desegregation
The integration of blacks and whites into schools, jobs, and public facilities
suburbs
Policies of the Federal government in the post-World War II era, such as the building of an efficient network of roads, highways and superhighways, and the underwriting of mortgages for suburban one-family homes made suburbs grow.
Berlin Airlift
Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; (1949) an alliance made to defend one another (militarily) if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Portugal and Iceland.
Little Rock Central HS
A group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The ensuing Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, and then attended after the intervention of President Eisenhower, is considered to be one of the most important events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. On their first day of school, troops from the Arkansas National Guard would not let them enter the school and they were followed by mobs making threats to lynch.
Yalta Conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
Marshall Plan
A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.
NDEA
National Defense Education Act Instituted primarily to stimulate the advancement of education in science, mathematics, and modern foreign languages as a response to the Soviet launch of Sputnik.
Highway Act of 1956
- Most expensive program in history
- 41000 mile system- accelerated suburban growth, heightened dependency of vehicles, hastened decline of nation’s rails, pollution, gas consumption, decay of central cities
Montgomery Bus Boycott
In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Tense confrontation between Kennedy and Khrushchev that nearly led to nuclear war in October 1962
Malcolm X
initially preached complete segregation, but views changed to integration when he converted to Islam; was assassinated by members of the Nation of Islam because they disagreed with what he was promoting
John Mitchell
John Mitchell Nixon’s first attorney general and his close friend and adviser; many people believe he ordered the Watergate break-in. He participated in the cover-up and served nineteen months in prison for his role.
Caesar Chavez
1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.
George Wallace
Third-party candidate; former governor of Alabama, a segregationist who wanted to bomb the Vietnamese to death
Ayatollah Khomeini
Iranian religious leader of the Shiites
Betty Friedan
author who wrote “the feminine Mystique”
Rachel Carson
wrote “silent spring”
Silent Majority
Nixon’s silent majority was the young people who had all these opinions but like couldn’t do much about it, ya know.
Christian Right
Created by Reagan, brought the christian values into the government #sorightsoright
OPEC
Gas and oil company that in raising it’s prices far beyond what was reasonable for the American republic, funded the Russians largely as they had all that natural gas stuff. Caused the energy crisis in the 70’s.
Moral Majority
Part of the Christian Right in the Reagan administration, they based their whole thing on like
National Organization of Women (NOW)
The feminist group of the eighties, they made lots of progress in legislation, for women in the era.
War on Poverty
Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. The Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.
“Supply-Side Economics”
The economic theory of “Reaganomics” that emphasized cutting taxes and government spending in order to stimulate investment, productivity, and economic growth by private enterprise
Great Society
President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
Affirmative action
Policies of the government aimed at increasing access to jobs, schooling, and oppurtunities to people previously discriminated against…Bakke vs. Board of Regents
Executive privilege
This policy came into effect during the Nixon administration when members of the executive branch were being questioned by authorities. The policy stated that Congress could not question any of the past or present employees about any topic without the president’s approval.
deficit spending
The English economist John Maynard Keynes proposed that governments cut taxes and
increase spending in order to stimulate investment and consumption. The effect was to
increase the deficit because more money was spent than was taken in.
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
Popularly known as “Star Wars,” President Reagan’s SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.
Counter culture
A rebellion of teens and young adults against mainstream American society in the 1960s
Nixon Doctrine
Created during the Vietnam War. Stated that the US would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.
Reaganomics
Reagan’s theory that if you cut taxes, it will spur the growth of public spending and improve the economy. It included tax breaks for the rich, “supply-side economics,” and “trickle down” theory.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Passed by LBJ, outlawed public segreg and discrim, forbade racial discrim in the workplace
Tet Offensive
1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
China Recognition
America’s Recognition of People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1979
Watergate Break-in
bungled burglary had occurred in the Democratic headquarters, located in the Watergate apartment-office complex in Washington. They were working for the Republican Committee for the Re-election of the President
War powers act
This act stated that the president must report to Congress within 2 days of putting troops in danger in a foreign country, and there would be a 60 to 90 day limit for over seas troop presence.
Camp David Accords
The Camp David Accords were the peace accords signed by Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat to finally end the Israeli-Egyptian disputes. The achievement by Carter is considered his greatest achievement in office.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
United States President Lyndon B. Johnson said that North Vietnamese forces had twice attacked American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. Second attack never really happened or was exaggerated greatly
Pentagon Papers
Top-secret documents, published by The New York Times in 1971, that showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States into the Vietnam War.
CREEP
Richard Nixon’s committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a “dirty tricks” campaign against the democrats in 1972.
Free Speech Movement
Led by Mario Savio it protested on behalf of students rights. It spread to colleges throughought the country discussing unpopular faculty tenure decisions, dress codes, dormitory regulations, and appearances by Johnson administration officials.
Enegry Crisis
when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to toe the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
created to protect nature, as well as OSHA, or the Occupational Health and Safety Administration.
Iran-Contra Affair
Scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected.
