Nasal Cavities Flashcards
define hard palate
separates oral and nasal cavities
roof of mouth
define pharynx
posterior to larynx
continuous with eso
begins at nasal cavity
posterior to oral cavities
define soft palate
makes separation between naso and oro pharynx
more squishy
uvula
define nasopharynx
posterior to pharynx
define oropharynx
inferior to nasopharynx
define laryngoharynx
posterior to larynx
define epiglottis
moves
space between oro and laryngo pharnx
shifts when swallow
describe nasal cavities - gen
pyramidal shaped space
divided into 2 equal halves by nasal septum
open at anterior (to outside) and posterior end (to nasopharynx)
bilaterally symmetrical around septum
describe choanae
internal openings
left and right
describe nasal septum
medial wall
bone and cartilage separation
describe nares
nostrils
External openings = holes open
describe floor of nasal cavity
hard palate
define conchae of nose
bones that come off 2 lateral walls (one at each end of nasal cavity)
turbinates
3x curved bony projections from lateral walls of each cavity
creates channels between them = meatuses
describe conchae of nose and spaces
superior concha
superior meatus
middle concha
middle meatus
inferior concha
inferior meatus
describe bony boundaries of nasal cavities - gen
neuro and viscerocranium
which bones make up superior/anterior part of lateral walls of nasal cavities
to nares –
lacrimal and nasal
which bones make up floor (hard palate) and lateral wall of nasal cavities
maxilla - primarily responsible for floor of nasal cavity and lateral wall
palatine - posterior region of floor, 2/3 hard palate and lateral wall
which bones make up roof and medial walls of nasal cavities
vomer = inf to ethmoid, creates medial wall (sticks out superiorly), attaches to maxilla and palatine
ethmoid = both sup and middle conchae come off, also contributes to LATERAL wall, sup to vomer
which bones make up roof and posterior lateral wall of nasal cavities
sphenoid- medial pterygoid plate, very end of nasal cavity
which bones make up roof - ant of nasal cavities
frontal - roof, top, anterior
describe inf nasal concha - bone
own bone even tho a projection from maxilla (grows out of it)
describe maxilla - more detailed, situate in nasal cavity
maxilla sends process between nasal and lacrimal bone
all 3 contribute to anterior aspect lateral wall
describe ethmoid - contributes to nasal cavity
crista galli
Perpendicular plate = medial wall
hard palate - maxilla - floor
sup and mid conchae = lateral wall - contributes to paranasal sinuses, air cells - pockets, inflates conchae
Describe conchae and meatuses - gen
conchae = grow out of lateral walls
meatuses = channels air, slows it down (acts as baffles)
Describe conchae and meatuses - sup vs inf
sup = tucked away in upper corner of nasal cavity - roof
inferior = own bone
what do the 3 conchae create
3 meatuses
channel air through nasal cavity from nares to choanae
what do conchae act as
baffles
restrains air flow to warm and humidify
increases surface area of mucosa
describe mucosa of nasal cavity - gen
richly vascularized
lining of soft tissue
helps warm and moisturize air
all inisde surfaces of nasal cavity are lined with mucosa
describe mucosa of nasal cavity - function
warm humidify and filter air
Describe pharyngotympanic tube - gen
connects nasopharynx and middle ear
allows pressure to be equalized on both sides of tympanic membrane
so will not get pain due to pressure difference (could push into middle ear)
Describe ostium of pharyngotympanic tube - open/closed?
squished normally
not covered
connects tympanum to naso pharynx
Describe paranasal sinuses - gen
holes within bones
4 paired air pilled spaces lined with mucosa
Describe paranasal sinuses - functions
immune - mucosa, mucous
warming/humidify air
maybe = altering/amplifying voice (modulate freq)
scaling skull size - appropriately as grow (want to keep skull light, not grown solid bone, except for temporal - ear)
also need surface area to attach muscles of mastication without making skull heavy
Describe paranasal sinuses - connections
connected medially to nasal cavities that grown within = frontal, maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid bones (air cells)
freely connected with nasal cavities
describe paranasal sinuses - anatomically
maxillary sinus - pretty big, sits above teeth, opening behind middle concha
Frontal sinus = size varies
sphenoid sinus = anterior and inf, next to sella turcica
Describe paranasal sinuses - drainage pathways generally
connected with nasal cavities (all drains into nasal cavity, not isolated)
mucous drains into nasal cavity - immune factors and other things to maintain proper function of nasal cavities
Describe paranasal sinuses - drainage pathways specific pathways SPECFIFIFIICIIICICI
frontal, maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses drain into middle meatus (inf to middle concha)
Sphenoid sinus drains into sphenoethmoidal recess
describe mucus accumulation - drainage pathways
mucous accumulation from sinuses can enter nasal cavity, then into nasopharynx via choanae
usually end up swallowing it
what is sinusitis - clinical correlate
Inhaled air and pathogens can enter sinuses and lead to infections
poold in maxillary sinus, can also cause referred pain to upper teeth (via maxillary nerve v2 branches)
Mucous irritates nerves lining space = SUPERIOR alveolar nerves
if pathogen or virus
infection causes more mucous
inflammation
what is pharyngotympanic tube aka
auditory tube
eustachian tube
where is lacrimal gland
Superior lateral part of orbit
describe lacrimal path - across eye
across eye towards medial aspect
describe lacrimal gland innervation
tears - parasym, cnVII
describe lacrimal puncta
openings
supposed to drain fluid from eyes
Crying = overwhelm puncta
describe lacrimal sac
sits in fossa between lacrimal and maxilla bones
describe lacrimal fossa
between lacrimal and maxilla bones
lacrimal sac drains into fossa (groove in medial wall of orbit)
describe nasolacrimal duct
leads to nasal cavity
in inf meatus
Describe lacrimal apparatus drainage
passes on from fossa –> nasolacrimal duct and drains into nasal cavity
arrives in nasal cavity = inf to inf nasal concha (inf meatus)
why we sniffle when cry = excess tears end up in nasal cavity
describe carotid system - gen
blood supply to all organs and regions of the head
(also w/ contributions from vertebral arteries to the brain)
what does common carotid artery do
detects pulse
Early branch at systemic blood system
describe carotid system - bifurc
rises superiorly in neck and bifurcates at ~c4-5 level into internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA)
describe carotid system - beginning
begins as common carotid artery - early branch of aorta
describe carotid system - path
aorta –> common carotid a –> bifurcation –> ECA & ICA
what does ICA supply
inside brain
describe things at bifurcation of carotid
carotid sinus
body = regulated blood physiology (chemistry, glossopharyngeal)
what does ECA supply
scalp
face
oral and nasal cavities
where does ICA enter cranial cavity
via carotid canal and foramen lacerum
describe ICA - branches
gives off large branch to orbit and eye = ophthalmic artery –> gives blood to orbit, eyes, lacrimal gland, goes through SOF to get to orbit
most branches supply blood to brain
describe ECA - gen
main blood supply to structures of neck, face, scalp and oral and nasal cavities
describe ECA - branch
maxillary artery = terminal branch eca (other = superficial temporal artery)
passes medial to mandible gives rise to branches to oral cavity
describe a terminal branch of maxillary
sphenopalatine a
enters nasal cavity at sphenopalatine foramen (enters lateral posterior nasal cavity)
major blood supply for nasal cavity
ECA–> maxillary a –>sphenopalatine
describe blood supply to nasal cavity - gen
arterial supply mainly from sphenopalatine a (nasal and septal branches)
from ethmoidal arteries, branches of ophthalmic (ICA)
forms connections - anastomoses - many parts - so arterial blood supply hard to find
describe blood supply to nasal cavity - anatomically
ethmodial aa = next to cribirform plates
sphenopalatine foramen = entrance
describe blood supply to nasal cavity - divisions
ant = from ICA (ethmoidal)
post = from ECA (maxillary, sphenopalatine)
describe innervation of nasal cavity - gen sensory split
Innervation to nasal cavities = split between branches of trigeminal
= ophthalmic (v1) and maxillary nerve (v2)
describe innervation of nasal cavity - ophthalmic branches
lines superior orbit
NFL, enters ant nose
anterior ethmoid nerve = branch of nasocilary, to ant and lateral walls including septal cartilage
describe innervation of nasal cavity - maxillary branches
post territory
nasal nerves= branches of maxillary - to post, lateral, medial walls, include septal cartilage
nasopalatine = enters via sphenopalatine foramen, along vomer (border) and septum = medial wall
also enters oral cavity via incisive foramen (little canal) to palate (anterior palate)
describe innervation of nasal cavity - special sensory
olfactory CN I
through cribriform plate –> olfaction only
lines superior and middle conchae and perpendicular plate
