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ANAT 214 > Lungs and Tracheobronchial Tree > Flashcards

Lungs and Tracheobronchial Tree Flashcards

1
Q

name and describe spaces of thoracic cavity

A

3 spaces =
left and right pulmonary spaces
mediastinum = extrapulmonary space, between pulmonary spaces, heart and pericardium here

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2
Q

name contents of pulmonary spaces

A

pleurae
lungs

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3
Q

what is the first thing we see in contents of pulmonary spaces

A

pleurae

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4
Q

describe pleura

A

continuous serous membrane forming a sac lining both outer surface of lung and inner wall thoracic cavity and mediastinum

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5
Q

name pleurae and describe

A

visceral = outer surface of lung
parietal = inner wall of thoracic cavity (and mediastinum)
like a balloon, continuous, visceral becomes parietal, vp/pp transition, at root of lung

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6
Q

describe pleural cavity

A

Potential spaced with couple of ml of serous fluid

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7
Q

what is the purpose of serous fluid in pleural cavity

A

lubricates and helps maintain negative pressure in the cavity - inside
essential for inflation of lungs and to stay inflated

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8
Q

does the visceral pleura have divisions

A

noooo

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9
Q

does the parietal pleura have divisions

A

yeeeee
divided into regions based on what membrane faces

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10
Q

name parietal pleura divisions and describe briefly

A
  1. cervical (neck)- at level of superior thoracic aperture
  2. costal (ribs)- biggest
  3. diaphragm - faces and lines diaphragm
  4. mediastinal - diaphragm contact with mediastinum
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11
Q

what are pleural reflections

A

transitions between different regions of parietal pleura (sometimes excess folds)

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12
Q

what are pleural recesses

A

potential spaces created by excess folds of parietal pleura in areas of reflections (where they are)
room for lungs to expand during inspiration

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13
Q

name pleural recesses

A

costo diaphragmatic recess
costo mediastinal recesses

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14
Q

describe costo diaphragmatic recess

A

gutter like ring
in transverse plane
more horizontal
excess folds of costal and diaphragmatic pleurae

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15
Q

describe costo mediastinal recesses

A

left and right
in coronal plane, vertical space
bigger on left because of heart, deviated towards left

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16
Q

what is the critical role of pleurae in respiration

A

thoracic volume increases during inspiration by action of diaphragm (depresses) and accessory muscles
thoracic vol increases = lung internal pressure decreases, drops, so air rushes in
since air now with higher pressure than within lungs - rushes in to restore atmospheric pressure in lungs
only works with negative intrapleura pressure
must be maintained or else no gradient = no lung expands in response to expansion of thoracic cavity

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17
Q

describe pressure within pleural cavities

A

pressure within pleural cavities (intrapleural)= negative –> below atmospheric
lungs internal pressure (intrapulmonary) - around atmospheric
keep lungs expanded = pressure gradient
lungs (greater pressure) –> pleura (lower pressure)

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18
Q

what is dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

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19
Q

name 2 exs of dyspnea

A

pneumothorax
pleural effusion

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20
Q

describe pneumothorax

A

air in thorax
puncture into pleural cavity (from intercostals)
air rushes in to restore atmospheric pressure to pleural cavity
lungs - elastic tissue so collapses
can be fixed on own or surgery = fuse visceral to costal pleura to always keeps lungs inflated

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21
Q

describe pleural effusion

A

fluid build up (blood, serous fluid etc)
intrapleural pressure increases
lungs cannot expand properly = can only get smaller
difficulty breathing or shortness of breath = inability to get enough lungs into air
usually only 2-3 ml of fluid, if get infection = liquid accumulates in costo diaphragmatic recess

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22
Q

external features of lungs - RIGHT - LOBES

A

superior middle and inferior lobes

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23
Q

external features of lungs - RIGHT - FISSURES

A

Horizontal fissure = separates sup and mid lobes
Oblique fissure = separates mid and inf lobes

24
Q

external features of lungs - RIGHT and LEFT - 3 SURFACES

A

in contact with diaphragmatic (base), costal (in contact with rib cage) and mediastinal surface (faces mediastinum)

25
Q

external features of lungs - RIGHT and LEFT - HILUM

A

root of lung
passage of airways/vasculature
point of transition of pleurae

26
Q

external features of lungs - RIGHT and LEFT - gen

A

apex and base

27
Q

external features of lungs - LEFT - LOBES

A

superior and inferior lobes

28
Q

external features of lungs - LEFT - FISSURES

A

Oblique fissure = separates sup and inf lobes
comes down obliquely from post to ant aspect

29
Q

external features of lungs - LEFT - SPECIAL FEATURES

A

cardiac notch - heart situated here
lingula = superior lobe, tongue that wraps around ant aspect pericardium (created by heart and pericardium deviated to left)

30
Q

external features of lungs - what are fissures

A

separations between lobes
go almost all the way back to tb tree

31
Q

describe hilum and impressions - gen

A

Structures around = leave permanent impressions

32
Q

describe right lung = hilum and impressions

A

svc - may or may not see
bracheiocephalic trunk
esophagus
cardiac Impression
hepatic impression = on right, liver, pushes diaphragm then that pushes lung
azygous vein = major vein, drains, thoracic cavity, arches over hilum, right side only, drains into svc, post to ant - returns to heart

33
Q

describe left lung = hilum and impressions

A

arch of aorta - arches over hilum- arrow in diff direction = comes from heart, ant to post direction, over arch, direction of flow
cardiac impression
diaphragm leaves impression in lungs - stomach - through diaphragm onto lungs, = gastric impression

34
Q

describe root of lung - gen

A

BAV = primary bronchus (air in and out), pulmonary artery (deoxy), pulmonary vein (oxy to heart)
right and left lungs organized differently

35
Q

describe root of lung - right lung

A

veins on bottom
stacked vertically - 90 degrees
bronchi towards post aspect
pulmonary arteries anteriorly
more sup and post = BAV

36
Q

describe root of lung - left lung

A

arteries= top row
bronchi = middle row
veins = bottom row
sup to inf = ABV

37
Q

describe tracheobronchial tree (tb tree)

A

brings air in and out of lungs
sequential branching of respiratory tract

38
Q

what is trachea - tb tree

A

supported by c shaped cartilage rings
bifurcates into right an left primary bronchi AT carina

39
Q

describe rings of trachea - tb tree

A

rings not really complete, have connection with esophagus
also trachealis muscle
contract = narrows trachea, constrict airways
realx = trachea open

40
Q

describe primary bronchi - tb tree

A

primary bronchi divide into secondary/lobular bronchi
right primary bronchus –> 3 secondary bronchi (sup,mid,inf)
left primary bronchus –> 2 secondary bronchi (sup,inf)
RECALL - lobes

41
Q

describe secondary bronchi - tb tree

A

secondary bronchi divide into 2-5 tertiary bronchi (segmental)
branch out further, deeper into lungs

42
Q

describe clinical consideration - tb tree

A

lung resections n
divisions of lungs allow for this
can take out parts of lung - if have tumour or issues, wont intefere with other parts

43
Q

describe clinical consideration - tb tree
WHAT IS PNEUOMONECTOMY

A

entire lung
cut at primary bronchus

44
Q

describe clinical consideration - tb tree
WHAT IS LOBECTOMY

A

lobe
cut at secondary bronchi

45
Q

describe clinical consideration - tb tree
WHAT IS SEGMENTECTOMY

A

cut at tertiary bronchi

46
Q

what is respiratory tract divided into and describe

A

2 main components =
conduction = from nose to terminal bronchioles
respiratory = respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs and ducts and alveoli

47
Q

describe respiratory tract - features of pathway

A

tertiary/segmental bronchus (cartilage starts to disappear as goes down)
–> bronchioles (no cartilage)
= terminal bronchiole (gives rise to portion of respiratory tree where gas exchange happens) –> respiratory bbronchiole –> alveolar sacs

48
Q

describe alveolar sacs - what have

A

alveolar sacs have alevolus - sacs for gas exchange , each alveolus has capillaries = connection between arterial side, gas exchange and pulmonary side
branch of pulmonary artery - deoxy and tributary of pulmonary vein (oxy blood)

49
Q

how is pulmonary circulation organized

A

at level of alveolar sacs
2 pulmonary veins goes into heart

50
Q

describe vasculature of lungs/pleura = pulmonary circulation

A

2 pulmonary arteries = deoxy blood towards lungs to be oxygenated (branch to capillaries)
4 pulmonary veins = oxygenated blood towards heart to be delivered to body (collects blood and drains)

51
Q

describe vasculature of lungs/pleura = local circulation

A

needs own blood supply
bronchial circulation to lung tissues =
visceral pleura = bronchial arteries (oxy blood), from aorta and posterior intercostal arteries AND
bronchial veins (deoxy to alveoli for gas exchange)-to SVC
parietal pleura = intercostal a/v

52
Q

describe vasculature of lungs/pleura = lymphatics

A

lymph collects through series of nodes from lungs to hilum (meet at) to trachea into ducts eventually draining into brachiocephalic
veins at venous angles (internal jugular & subclavian meet and form brachiocephalic vein)
* ISF in lungs brought back by lymphatic system

53
Q

describe innervation of pleurae - parietal

A

phrenic nerve = to diaphragm too
intercostal nerves = somatosensory to costal region of parietal pleura
Parietal pleura on diaphragm = part from intercostal and part from phrenic

54
Q

describe innervation of pleurae - visceral

A

ans and gva

55
Q

describe innervation of respiratory tract (visceral)

A

vagus - cnX - parasym = lung tissue and tb tree
t2-t5 - sympathetic chain and ganglia (thoracolumbar flow)- symp innervation = respiratory tract

56
Q

what is pulmonary plexuses

A

involuntary
symp and parasymp
come together and forms plexus
goes to lungs and provides ans innervation to respiratory tract

57
Q

describe lung impressions - esophagus for both lungs

A

major component mediastinum, sometimes leaves impression
can see near arch of aorta (even tho closer to mediastinum)

ANAT 214 (25 decks)

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