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ANAT 214 > Larynx and Pharynx > Flashcards

Larynx and Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

describe organization of larynx - cartilages gen

A

only cartilaginous skeleton
scaffold - add things on to build muscles

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2
Q

describe hyoid bone - organization of larynx

A

connected to larynx
allows for stretching of membrane

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3
Q

name cartilages of larynx

A

5 cartilages = 3 +1 pair
Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, and 2 arytenoids

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4
Q

describe thyroid - larynx cartilage

A

visible from outside
shield shaped
sits at anterior border on cricoid
laryngeal prominence = adams apple

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5
Q

describe cricoid - larynx cartilage

A

complete ring - top ring of trachea
Visible from outside

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6
Q

describe epiglottis - larynx cartilage

A

sits and articulates with thyroid cartilage = joint articulates epiglottis

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7
Q

describe arytenoids - larynx cartilage

A

2
mirror images
articulates with cricoid at posterior sides of cricoid ring (wide than anterior side)

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8
Q

what is thyrohyoid membrane - larynx

A

runs from thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
anchor that suspends larynx from it

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9
Q

what is cricothyroid membrane - larynx

A

runs between thyroid cartilage and cricoid
related to vocal folds

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10
Q

how do larynx cartilages connect to each other

A

synovial joints= have cartilage and can move against each other - allows to modulate and produce sounds

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11
Q

describe cricothyroid ligament

A

from cricoid to thyroid (anterior) and arytenoid (posterior) with free superior margin = vocal ligament
3 anchor points but no anchor on superior aspect

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12
Q

describe quadrangular membrane

A

mucosa
from lateral border epiglottis to thyroid (anterior) and arytenoid posterior with free inferior margin = vestibular ligament
draped down from epiglottis

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13
Q

describe thyroid –> arytenoids

A

2 ligaments that stretch across space

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14
Q

describe what the ligaments create - (when covered in mucosa)

A

vocal and vestibular ligaments become vocal and vestibular folds and create a recess = laryngeal ventricle

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15
Q

what is laryngeal ventricle

A

created because of free margins - not stretched tightly enough

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16
Q

describe vestibular fold

A

over ligament
creates false vocal cords
not vocal cords that are stretched or changed in shape by laryngeal muscles
might modulate sound a bit
air through here does not do anything to sound

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17
Q

describe vocal fold

A

over ligament
true vocal folds
membrane stretches (cricoid to thyroid), ends in vocal ligament (free superior margin) –> one on either side - space between (rima)
can create resistance to flow = produce sounds

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18
Q

what is rima

A

opening between true vocal folds - rima glottidis
changing its size modulates sounds we produce (phonation)- intonation, pitch, volume, modulated by changing opening using laryngeal muscles

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19
Q

describe cricoarytenoids - gen - muscles of larynx

A

from cricoid cartilage to arytenoids on each side
posterior and lateral

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20
Q

describe posterior cricoarytenoids - muscles of larynx - gen

A

wrap towards anterior, attaches to arytenoid cartilage
arytenoids can move freely thanks to these muscles

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21
Q

describe lateral cricoarytenoids - muscles of larynx

A

reverse of posterior

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22
Q

compare posterior and lateral cricoarytenoids - muscles of larynx

A

antagonistic muscles

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23
Q

describe arytenoids - gen - muscles of larynx

A

transverse and oblique

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24
Q

describe transverse arytenoids - muscles of larynx

A

in coronal plane
straight across

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25
Q

describe oblique arytenoids - muscles of larynx

A

more superficial

26
Q

describe cricothyroid muscle - more control of vocal folds

A

muscle from thyroid to cricoid (on outside)
rocks thyroid cartilage forward (anteriorly towards cricoid, since thyroid more mobile bone) to increase tension in vocal cords - increases pitch in phonation (higher pitches-frequencies)

27
Q

describe thyroarytenoid muscle - muscles of larynx

A

thyroid to arytenoids along length of thyroid space (from front to back)
runs parallel to vocal ligament (with vocal fold)
pulls arytenoids (more mobile) towards thyroid (translate)
slackens vocal cords = lowers pitch in phonation

28
Q

WHAT IS vocalis - muscles of larynx

A

sometimes considered individual muscle but actually same as thyroarytenoid

29
Q

compare thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid muscles - muscles of larynx

A

Antagonistic muscles

30
Q

how to modulate shape and tension of vocal folds

A

Changes how tight or closed rima is
relaxed = open rima
if need to open more = for deep inhalations - recruit posterior cricoarytenoids

31
Q

describe vascular supply to larynx - eca

A

eca –> superior thyroid artery (1st branch eca)
runs with superior laryngeal nerve
upper part of larynx

32
Q

describe vascular supply to larynx - subclavian

A

subclavian (major vessels to upper limb)–> inferior thyroid artery (early branch of subclavian)

33
Q

describe nerve supply to larynx - gen

A

entirely cnX - vagus
superior laryngeal branch –> cricothyroid
Recurrent laryngeal branch –> all other larynx muscles

34
Q

describe nerve supply to larynx - branches

A

vagus (motor to extrinsic muscles of larynx) –> superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerves (left and right)

35
Q

describe superior laryngeal nerve (innervation of larynx - vagus)

A

external branch = motor to cricothyroid muscle
internal branch = sensory to vocal folds
goes into hole in thyrohyoid membrane

36
Q

describe left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve (innervation of larynx - vagus)

A

motor to all muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
Sensory below vocal folds
continues on to neck and then loops back to innervate rest of muscles of larynx (all ones on inside)

37
Q

compare left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve (innervation of larynx - vagus)

A

left = loops under aorta before goes back
Right = short path, usually under brachiocephalic trunk
Different courses due to asymmetric configuration of aorta and its first branches

38
Q

name the 3 phases of deglutition

A

oral
pharyngeal
Esophageal

39
Q

describe oral phase of deglutition - gen

A

Moment of tongue in anterior to posterior sequence against palate
initiation = voluntary control
breathing possible

40
Q

describe oral phase of deglutition - specifics

A

send foo to back of mouth - push bolus in preparation of swallowing
soft palate depressed
nasal cavity not sealed off

41
Q

describe pahryngeal phase of deglutition - gen

A

closure of nasal and laryngeal cavities via soft palate
involuntary control
brief interruption of breathing

42
Q

describe pharygneal phase of deglutition - specifics

A

close nasal = elevate soft palate (lvp, tvp)
Close larynx - using epiglottis
involuntary = glossopharyngeal and vagus
brief interruption of breathing

43
Q

describe esophageal phase of deglutition - gen

A

coordination of muscle contraction of pharyngeal wall and esophagus to propel bolus inferiorly to stomach (peristalsis - coordinated movement of pharyngeal muscles)
involuntary control (pharynx to esophagus)
naso and laryngopharynx open - breathing resumes (relax soft palate and larynx can now open again)

44
Q

what is the role of epiglottis - movements

A

seals off larynx momentarily
trachea pulled superiorly/anteriorly via connections to hyoid and larynx (action of suprahyoid muscles) *epiglottis
whole neck column rises and falls –> right at swallow = pharyngeal phase

45
Q

what is the role of epiglottis - depression

A

trapdoor- then opens quick
due to aryepiglottic muscle (continuation of oblique arytenoid) up to end of epiglottis
along margin of quadrangular membrane
pulls quickly - flaps epiglottis shut (posteriorly attached at front)

46
Q

what happens during swallowing for safety

A

adductors seal off rima and larynx with epiglottis = double SAFETY MEASURE
Contraction assists in depression of epiglottis
elevation of hyoid bone assists in depression of epiglottis

47
Q

name the muscles of pharynx

A

Constrictors
longitudinal muscles

48
Q

what is role of pharyngeal constrictors

A

contract above bolus and relax below bolus
wave like fashion to move bolus inferiorly - narrow space in eso and laryngeopharynx

49
Q

name and describe attachments/things about pharyngeal constrictors - 3

A

superior pharyngeal constrictor = aponeurosis of spc on occipital bone (mandible to sphenoid)
middle pharyngeal constrictor = raphe to hyoid
inferior pharyngeal constrictor = raphe to larynx (mostly on thyroid and some on cricoid)

all meet contralateral muscle in middle = pharyngeal raphe, some ct, connects muscles mainly

50
Q

describe longitudinal pharyngeal muscles compared to constrictors

A

perpendicular to constrictors (90 degrees)
mostly vertical
blend with pharyngeal wall

51
Q

name and describe attachments/things about longitudinal pharyngeal muscles

A

stylopharyngeus = styloid process –> pharynx
salpingopharyngeus = auditory tube ostium (on cartilagenous support) –> pharynx
palatopharyngeus = soft palate –> pharynx

52
Q

what is function of longitudinal pharyngeal muscles

A

helps elevate soft palate and pharynx
shortening and dilating pharynx ahead of bolus
opens up space - contracts - shortens
tightly coordinated with constrictors = promotes movement of bolus from superior to inferior

53
Q

describe action of pharyngeal constrictors - gen, behind and ahead

A

squeeze behind - contract
motion away from contraction
ONE DIRECTION
ahead - relax, left open so space for bolus to pass through
coordinated by action of glossapharyngeal and vagus

54
Q

what is pharynx innervated by - gen

A

Pharyngeal plexus
most cnX
but stylopharyngeus = from cnIX (glossopharyngeal, gag reflex - touch back of oropharynx)

55
Q

name all spinal nerves - for pharynx

A

cn XI - spinal accessory - motor sternocleidomastoid
cn x vagus
cn IX - glossopharyngeal —> sensory to pharynx
cn XII - hypoglossal - motor to extrinsic muscles of tongue, pass ant to tongue

56
Q

what else can be seen in innervation to pharynx

A

superior cervical ganglion = one big ganglion
sympathetic chain = nerves into skull, motor innervation as it goes down - motor to constrictors and longitudinal muscles (thoracolumbar)

57
Q

describe thyroid and parathyroid glands - gen

A

opposed against larynx
located in visceral compartment of neck, against anterior trachea, on inferior border of larynx
straddles cricoid and lower thyroid cartilage *butterfly shapes, sits on trachea

58
Q

describe thyroid - thyroid and parathyroid glands

A

major endocrine gland
produces hormones that regulate metabolism and growth (thyroid hormone) and calcium homeostasis (calcitonin) - adjusts calcium
BONE HOMEOSTASIS

59
Q

describe parathyroid - thyroid and parathyroid glands

A

next to thyroid
4x pea shaped glands embedded in posterior thyroid
produces parathyroid hormone (pth) –> regulates calcium homeostasis

60
Q

describe posterior cricoarytenoids - muscles of larynx - function

A

abduction of vocal folds
widens rima during forced expiration
expel more air, speak louder, keeps open - breathe in
moves vocal folds further apart
shorten = makes back swing open

61
Q

describe lateral cricoarytenoids - muscles of larynx - function

A

adduction of vocal folds
closes rima (narrows)
during expiration, whispering, reduce amplitude of speech

62
Q

describe function of oblique and transverse arytenoids - muscles of larynx

A

pulls arytenoids closer together - translators
adduction of vocal folds = narrow rima by translating entire arytenoids towards each other
Similar to lateral cricoarytenoids (but those rotate anterior tips towards each other)
phonation - pitch and volume

ANAT 214 (34 decks)

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