Lab 1: Basic Tissues Flashcards
describe anatomical position
starting position of body used
eyes forward head neutral
standing up
arms at sides palm facing forwards, thumbs point out to side
feet/toes pointing forwards
switch perspective = when describe right and left
describe anatomical planes and axes
3 orthogonal planes with axes running through them -
90 degree angles to each other
describe sagittal plane
Straight down midline
left and right halves along transverse axis
looks symmetrical but not on inside
describe coronal plane
anterior - front and posterior - back halves
not symmetrical
along sagittal axis (parallel to sagittal plane but runs through coronal plane)
like slice tiara
describe transverse plane
divides body into superior and inferior halves at navel (umbilicus) along longitudinal axis
transverse axis - perpendicular to sagittal plane
how many plans do we have in total
can have infinite amount of plans - always parallel to original ones
describe relative position
planes/axes allow us to define relative position of anatomical structures
describe medial vs lateral
medial = midline
lateral = away from midline (sagittal plane)
lungs lateral to heart
describe posterior vs anterior
posterior= dorsal, towards back
anterior = ventral, stomach
trachea posterior to aortic arch
describe superior vs inferior
superior - cranial, head, transverse plane
inferior - caudal, tail/toes
heart superior to stomach
describe superificial vs deep
Superficial - closer to surface
heart lies deep to fibrous pericardium
describe proximal vs distal
proximal - closer to trunk or organ
distal = further to trunk or organ
hand distal, shoulder proximal
right subclavian distal to superior vena cava in relation to heart
which systems are basic organ services
nervous
cardiovascular
lymphatic
describe function of nervous system
receives and processes stimuli/info from internal/external environment - receives sensory afferent input
coordinates and carries out an appropriate action in response to stimuli - motor efferent output - usually involves movement
describe nervous system anatomically
cns = brain and spinal cord
pns = nerves from cns–> all over body
stimulus to response = pns–>cns–>pns
name functional divisions of pns
somatic and vsiceral
describe somatic pns
from outside to body
afferent stimuli = largely external (touch, temp, forces)
Efferent response = largely voluntary (motor control of skeletal muscles)
describe visceral pns
from mostly inside of body
afferent stimuli = primarily internal (HR, hunger, nausea)
Efferent response = involuntary (smooth and cardiac muscle, functions of visceral organs)
name and describe key components of spinal nerves - pns
paired - bilateral
emerge from spinal cord at regular intervals between vertebrae from neck to coccyx
bidirectional with afferent neurons (visceral/somatic) returning to cns and efferent (visceral/somatic) neurons to periphery
associated with BOTh somatic and visceral nervous systems - anatomically different
what is similar between somatic and visceral pns
stimuli relayed to cns via neurons bundled into nerves (including spinal and cranial nerves)
what is different between somatic and visceral pns
number of linked neurons
locations of cell bodies
describe similarities/differences between somatic and visceral pns
afferent = SIMILAR, very long single neuron transmits signals from organs to cns
efferent = DIFFERENt, somatic = SINgle neuron from cns to target, visceral = 2 neurons linked in sequence that synapse in various ganglia (neuron cell bodies, sympathetic chain)
describe visceral efferent system
ANS - involuntary efferent control of visceral organs
Opposing effects - PSNS, SNS
describe ans
Sympathetic = alert, fight/flight, increase hr, dilate pupils, slow digestion - redirects energy
Parasympathetic= relax, rest and digest, feed/breed, decrease hr, constrict pupils, airways and blood vessels
describe- SYMPATHETIC
1 - ORIGIN OF OUTFLOW
2 - LOCATION OF GANGLIA
3 - STRUCTURE OF THE 2 NEURONS IN SEQUENCE
1- spinal nerves from levels T1-L2 = 1st pair thoracic to 2nd pair lumbar - THORACOLUMBAR OUTFLOW
2- in sympathetic chain = paravertebral ganglia in thorax or in prevertebral ganglia in abdomen
3- short PREsynaptic, long POSTsynaptic
describe- PARASYMPATHETIC
1 - ORIGIN OF OUTFLOW
2 - LOCATION OF GANGLIA
3 - STRUCTURE OF THE 2 NEURONS IN SEQUENCE
1- 4 cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and spinal nerves S2-S4 = CRANIOSACRAL OUTFLOW
2- in ganglia located near head or within walls of target organs - often not visble
3- long PREsynaptic and short POSTsynaptic
what do parasympathetic and sympathetic do
fibers often blend in autonomic plexuses and travel together - target organs, MESHWORK
what are nerves
bundles of neurons, wrapped in ct
conducts impulse to cns, super long in periphery
what must nerves have - describe
both afferent and efferent nuerons
several have both somatic and visceral
4 neuron types = somatic TO/FROM and visceral TO/FROM
not distinguishable to macroscopic level - single or branching group of fibers
describe special visceral afferent
specific functions
taste and smell
describe visceral afferent signals - general
ans - technically efferent, strictly motor
sensation fron interior envir/organs - pain = relayed via GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENT - gva
some gva fibers travel back to cns via cranial nerves - vagus, but most share path with somatic afferent via spinal nerves (both neuron types with cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion)
describe visceral afferent signals - pathway
relay interneurons in spinal cord that serve both somatic afferent and gva fibers can be stimulated and brain misinterprets and perceives pain as coming from area of somatic afferent = skin
REFERRED PAIN
T2-T4
describe cardiovascular system
SYSTEM Of pumps and conduits - delivers nutrients to tissue and removed deoxygenated blood and metabolic wastes
describe 2 pumps of cardiovascular system
2 types of circulation
right = receives dexoy from body and sends to lungs = gas exchange, PULMONARY circ
left - receives oxy blood from lungs and sends to body, SYSTEMIC circ
describe cardiovascular system - veins and arteries
Arteries - aterial blood = blood moving away from heart
vein = blood moving towards heart
describe cardiovascular system - pathway
large arteries –> smaller arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries (embedded in all body tissues and organs)
describe cardiovascular system - capillaries
gas/nutrient exchange with tissue cells
return to venous side (venules –> veins –> heart)
describe lymphatic system
supports cardiovascular system - runs in parallel
cells surrounded by isf
when blood passes through capillaries = fluid accumulates
isf = solutes, cell products, debris, pathogens
return to circ via lymphatic capillaries and lymph vessels as lymph
has immune cells that monitor
lymph returned to circ by superior vena cava, right pump = systemic venous
HELPs concentrations
describe respiratory system
works with pulmonary circ system
also role in sense of smell, temp and moisture regulation of inhaled air, sound production, immune and protective functions
describe respiratory system - components
lungs = gas exchange
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, mouth, larynx, pharynx and tracheobroncial tree = conduits and spaces, moves air in/out lungs and regulate temp and moisture
describe digestive system
Works with systemic circ - absorbs nutrients and eliminate solid wastes
tube from mouth to anus
Sequential regions with organs and specific functions
describe digestive system - what does mouth, tongue, teeth, esophagus and stomach do
ingestion
transfer of food
mechanical breakdown
describe digestive system - what does stomach, pancreas, liver and gallbladder do
chemical breakdown - secretions
describe digestive system - what do small intestines do
absorption of nutrients
describe digestive system - what does colon, rectum and anus do
Absorption of water
production and excretion of solid waste
describe digestive system - portal venous system
shunts nutrient rich venous blood from digestive tract through liver for processing (building proteins, break down toxins)
BACk to systemic venous circ
describe urinary system
works with systemic circ
regulate body blood or water volume, eliminate toxins, metabolites and excess fluid in urine - liquid form
functionally and anatomically diff from digestive system
describe urinary system - components
paired filtration units = kidneys
conduit system to external environment = ureters (paired), bladder and urethra
describe urinary system - sex
sex specific anatomical differences
sexual dimorphisms - afab has smaller bladder and shorter urethra
describe reproductive systems
most dimorphic
amab or afab
describe gonads - AFAB
ovaries
uterine tubes
Uterus
describe reproductive tracts, spaces and organs - AFAB
vagina
vulva - external genitalia
describe accessory glands - AFAB
greater vestibular gland
paraurethral glands
describe gonads - AMAB
scrotum
testes
epididymis
describe reproductive tracts, spaces and organs - AMAB
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra - for urine and other associated fluids
penis
describe accessory glands - AMAB
prostate
seminal vesicles
bulbourethral glands
what are muscles
contractile tissue
capable of generating tensile forces
describe smooth muscle
body and viscera - organ walls
autonomic control (ans)
ex = vasodilation of arterial walls, constriction of trachea - airways
describe skeletal muscle
striated
most common by mass
voluntary control
ex - head, face, neck, pelvic floor, thoracic, abdominal walls
what are musculoskeletal systems
level systems = rigid beam
(lever) that can rotate about fixed point (center of rotation, fulcrum) when forces applied
describe levers as bones
rigid levers
allow internal forces from muscle to be transferred elsewhere to resist or overcome external forces = movement
muscle strength would not matter if bones floppy
describe center of rotations as joints
most are synovial joints = 2 or more bones articulate via reciprocal cartilage surfaces within a fibrous capsule lined with viscous synovial membrane that secretes lubricating fluid so less friction
come in diff shapes and sizes, determines type/range of motion they allow
describe forces applied
external -usually gravity or muscular internal = muscles contract and generate tensile forces - produces torques that can create/resist rotation of body part about a joint
Compare biceps and triceps
bicep = crosses elbow joint anteriorly, shortens through contraction = tension pulls forearm superiorly relative to arm = ELBOW FLEXION
Triceps = passes posteriorly to elbow, does reverse when shortens = ELBOW EXTENSION
what does a muscle do?
where does muscle attach
what joint does it cross
what directions are its fibers oriented
what happens to bones on either side of joint when muscle shortens
where does muscle attach - TEMPORALIS
side of skull and top of mandible
WHAT joint does it cross - TEMPORALIS
jaw = tmj temporomandibular joint
what directions are fibers oriented - TEMPORALIS
striations tell you which direction muscles shorten
along this direction muscle shortens and generate pull - tensile force
what happens to bones on either side of tmj when temporalis shortens - TEMPORALIS
skull and mandible move closer to one another through rotation at tmj
jaw close and retract if mouth open or would clench if mouth closed = jaw adduction/retraction
can muscles cross more than one joint
yes
will have actions at each joint - some may be minor or weak actions
ex = biceps flew elbow and flex shoulder
muscles can only work alone?
nooo
can work with others to produce more force/rotation
synergists = often several muscles form one movement
what do muscles work in
antagonistic pairs = one muscle cannot push and pull
ex = temporalis vs lateral pterygoid (small easy action)
what do most skeletal muscles do
attach to bone on either side of joint
but some only attached to bone on one side = other side inserts soft tissues
no true synovial joint
ex = bone to eye, bone to skin
describe cardiac muscle
only heart
myocardium with specialized cardiomyocytes
some with conductive capacity
autonomic control
