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ANAT 214 > Lab 1: Basic Tissues > Flashcards

Lab 1: Basic Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

describe anatomical position

A

starting position of body used
eyes forward head neutral
standing up
arms at sides palm facing forwards, thumbs point out to side
feet/toes pointing forwards
switch perspective = when describe right and left

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2
Q

describe anatomical planes and axes

A

3 orthogonal planes with axes running through them -
90 degree angles to each other

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3
Q

describe sagittal plane

A

Straight down midline
left and right halves along transverse axis
looks symmetrical but not on inside

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4
Q

describe coronal plane

A

anterior - front and posterior - back halves
not symmetrical
along sagittal axis (parallel to sagittal plane but runs through coronal plane)
like slice tiara

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5
Q

describe transverse plane

A

divides body into superior and inferior halves at navel (umbilicus) along longitudinal axis
transverse axis - perpendicular to sagittal plane

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6
Q

how many plans do we have in total

A

can have infinite amount of plans - always parallel to original ones

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7
Q

describe relative position

A

planes/axes allow us to define relative position of anatomical structures

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8
Q

describe medial vs lateral

A

medial = midline
lateral = away from midline (sagittal plane)
lungs lateral to heart

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9
Q

describe posterior vs anterior

A

posterior= dorsal, towards back
anterior = ventral, stomach
trachea posterior to aortic arch

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10
Q

describe superior vs inferior

A

superior - cranial, head, transverse plane
inferior - caudal, tail/toes
heart superior to stomach

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11
Q

describe superificial vs deep

A

Superficial - closer to surface
heart lies deep to fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

describe proximal vs distal

A

proximal - closer to trunk or organ
distal = further to trunk or organ
hand distal, shoulder proximal
right subclavian distal to superior vena cava in relation to heart

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13
Q

which systems are basic organ services

A

nervous
cardiovascular
lymphatic

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14
Q

describe function of nervous system

A

receives and processes stimuli/info from internal/external environment - receives sensory afferent input
coordinates and carries out an appropriate action in response to stimuli - motor efferent output - usually involves movement

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15
Q

describe nervous system anatomically

A

cns = brain and spinal cord
pns = nerves from cns–> all over body
stimulus to response = pns–>cns–>pns

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16
Q

name functional divisions of pns

A

somatic and vsiceral

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17
Q

describe somatic pns

A

from outside to body
afferent stimuli = largely external (touch, temp, forces)
Efferent response = largely voluntary (motor control of skeletal muscles)

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18
Q

describe visceral pns

A

from mostly inside of body
afferent stimuli = primarily internal (HR, hunger, nausea)
Efferent response = involuntary (smooth and cardiac muscle, functions of visceral organs)

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19
Q

name and describe key components of spinal nerves - pns

A

paired - bilateral
emerge from spinal cord at regular intervals between vertebrae from neck to coccyx
bidirectional with afferent neurons (visceral/somatic) returning to cns and efferent (visceral/somatic) neurons to periphery
associated with BOTh somatic and visceral nervous systems - anatomically different

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20
Q

what is similar between somatic and visceral pns

A

stimuli relayed to cns via neurons bundled into nerves (including spinal and cranial nerves)

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21
Q

what is different between somatic and visceral pns

A

number of linked neurons
locations of cell bodies

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22
Q

describe similarities/differences between somatic and visceral pns

A

afferent = SIMILAR, very long single neuron transmits signals from organs to cns
efferent = DIFFERENt, somatic = SINgle neuron from cns to target, visceral = 2 neurons linked in sequence that synapse in various ganglia (neuron cell bodies, sympathetic chain)

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23
Q

describe visceral efferent system

A

ANS - involuntary efferent control of visceral organs
Opposing effects - PSNS, SNS

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24
Q

describe ans

A

Sympathetic = alert, fight/flight, increase hr, dilate pupils, slow digestion - redirects energy
Parasympathetic= relax, rest and digest, feed/breed, decrease hr, constrict pupils, airways and blood vessels

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25
Q

describe- SYMPATHETIC
1 - ORIGIN OF OUTFLOW
2 - LOCATION OF GANGLIA
3 - STRUCTURE OF THE 2 NEURONS IN SEQUENCE

A

1- spinal nerves from levels T1-L2 = 1st pair thoracic to 2nd pair lumbar - THORACOLUMBAR OUTFLOW
2- in sympathetic chain = paravertebral ganglia in thorax or in prevertebral ganglia in abdomen
3- short PREsynaptic, long POSTsynaptic

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26
Q

describe- PARASYMPATHETIC
1 - ORIGIN OF OUTFLOW
2 - LOCATION OF GANGLIA
3 - STRUCTURE OF THE 2 NEURONS IN SEQUENCE

A

1- 4 cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and spinal nerves S2-S4 = CRANIOSACRAL OUTFLOW
2- in ganglia located near head or within walls of target organs - often not visble
3- long PREsynaptic and short POSTsynaptic

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27
Q

what do parasympathetic and sympathetic do

A

fibers often blend in autonomic plexuses and travel together - target organs, MESHWORK

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28
Q

what are nerves

A

bundles of neurons, wrapped in ct
conducts impulse to cns, super long in periphery

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29
Q

what must nerves have - describe

A

both afferent and efferent nuerons
several have both somatic and visceral
4 neuron types = somatic TO/FROM and visceral TO/FROM
not distinguishable to macroscopic level - single or branching group of fibers

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30
Q

describe special visceral afferent

A

specific functions
taste and smell

31
Q

describe visceral afferent signals - general

A

ans - technically efferent, strictly motor
sensation fron interior envir/organs - pain = relayed via GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENT - gva
some gva fibers travel back to cns via cranial nerves - vagus, but most share path with somatic afferent via spinal nerves (both neuron types with cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion)

32
Q

describe visceral afferent signals - pathway

A

relay interneurons in spinal cord that serve both somatic afferent and gva fibers can be stimulated and brain misinterprets and perceives pain as coming from area of somatic afferent = skin
REFERRED PAIN
T2-T4

33
Q

describe cardiovascular system

A

SYSTEM Of pumps and conduits - delivers nutrients to tissue and removed deoxygenated blood and metabolic wastes

34
Q

describe 2 pumps of cardiovascular system

A

2 types of circulation
right = receives dexoy from body and sends to lungs = gas exchange, PULMONARY circ
left - receives oxy blood from lungs and sends to body, SYSTEMIC circ

35
Q

describe cardiovascular system - veins and arteries

A

Arteries - aterial blood = blood moving away from heart
vein = blood moving towards heart

36
Q

describe cardiovascular system - pathway

A

large arteries –> smaller arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries (embedded in all body tissues and organs)

37
Q

describe cardiovascular system - capillaries

A

gas/nutrient exchange with tissue cells
return to venous side (venules –> veins –> heart)

38
Q

describe lymphatic system

A

supports cardiovascular system - runs in parallel
cells surrounded by isf
when blood passes through capillaries = fluid accumulates
isf = solutes, cell products, debris, pathogens
return to circ via lymphatic capillaries and lymph vessels as lymph
has immune cells that monitor
lymph returned to circ by superior vena cava, right pump = systemic venous
HELPs concentrations

39
Q

describe respiratory system

A

works with pulmonary circ system
also role in sense of smell, temp and moisture regulation of inhaled air, sound production, immune and protective functions

40
Q

describe respiratory system - components

A

lungs = gas exchange
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, mouth, larynx, pharynx and tracheobroncial tree = conduits and spaces, moves air in/out lungs and regulate temp and moisture

41
Q

describe digestive system

A

Works with systemic circ - absorbs nutrients and eliminate solid wastes
tube from mouth to anus
Sequential regions with organs and specific functions

42
Q

describe digestive system - what does mouth, tongue, teeth, esophagus and stomach do

A

ingestion
transfer of food
mechanical breakdown

43
Q

describe digestive system - what does stomach, pancreas, liver and gallbladder do

A

chemical breakdown - secretions

44
Q

describe digestive system - what do small intestines do

A

absorption of nutrients

45
Q

describe digestive system - what does colon, rectum and anus do

A

Absorption of water
production and excretion of solid waste

46
Q

describe digestive system - portal venous system

A

shunts nutrient rich venous blood from digestive tract through liver for processing (building proteins, break down toxins)
BACk to systemic venous circ

47
Q

describe urinary system

A

works with systemic circ
regulate body blood or water volume, eliminate toxins, metabolites and excess fluid in urine - liquid form
functionally and anatomically diff from digestive system

48
Q

describe urinary system - components

A

paired filtration units = kidneys
conduit system to external environment = ureters (paired), bladder and urethra

49
Q

describe urinary system - sex

A

sex specific anatomical differences
sexual dimorphisms - afab has smaller bladder and shorter urethra

50
Q

describe reproductive systems

A

most dimorphic
amab or afab

51
Q

describe gonads - AFAB

A

ovaries
uterine tubes
Uterus

52
Q

describe reproductive tracts, spaces and organs - AFAB

A

vagina
vulva - external genitalia

53
Q

describe accessory glands - AFAB

A

greater vestibular gland
paraurethral glands

54
Q

describe gonads - AMAB

A

scrotum
testes
epididymis

55
Q

describe reproductive tracts, spaces and organs - AMAB

A

vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra - for urine and other associated fluids
penis

56
Q

describe accessory glands - AMAB

A

prostate
seminal vesicles
bulbourethral glands

57
Q

what are muscles

A

contractile tissue
capable of generating tensile forces

58
Q

describe smooth muscle

A

body and viscera - organ walls
autonomic control (ans)
ex = vasodilation of arterial walls, constriction of trachea - airways

59
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A

striated
most common by mass
voluntary control
ex - head, face, neck, pelvic floor, thoracic, abdominal walls

60
Q

what are musculoskeletal systems

A

level systems = rigid beam
(lever) that can rotate about fixed point (center of rotation, fulcrum) when forces applied

61
Q

describe levers as bones

A

rigid levers
allow internal forces from muscle to be transferred elsewhere to resist or overcome external forces = movement
muscle strength would not matter if bones floppy

62
Q

describe center of rotations as joints

A

most are synovial joints = 2 or more bones articulate via reciprocal cartilage surfaces within a fibrous capsule lined with viscous synovial membrane that secretes lubricating fluid so less friction
come in diff shapes and sizes, determines type/range of motion they allow

63
Q

describe forces applied

A

external -usually gravity or muscular internal = muscles contract and generate tensile forces - produces torques that can create/resist rotation of body part about a joint

64
Q

Compare biceps and triceps

A

bicep = crosses elbow joint anteriorly, shortens through contraction = tension pulls forearm superiorly relative to arm = ELBOW FLEXION
Triceps = passes posteriorly to elbow, does reverse when shortens = ELBOW EXTENSION

65
Q

what does a muscle do?

A

where does muscle attach
what joint does it cross
what directions are its fibers oriented
what happens to bones on either side of joint when muscle shortens

66
Q

where does muscle attach - TEMPORALIS

A

side of skull and top of mandible

67
Q

WHAT joint does it cross - TEMPORALIS

A

jaw = tmj temporomandibular joint

68
Q

what directions are fibers oriented - TEMPORALIS

A

striations tell you which direction muscles shorten
along this direction muscle shortens and generate pull - tensile force

69
Q

what happens to bones on either side of tmj when temporalis shortens - TEMPORALIS

A

skull and mandible move closer to one another through rotation at tmj
jaw close and retract if mouth open or would clench if mouth closed = jaw adduction/retraction

70
Q

can muscles cross more than one joint

A

yes
will have actions at each joint - some may be minor or weak actions
ex = biceps flew elbow and flex shoulder

71
Q

muscles can only work alone?

A

nooo
can work with others to produce more force/rotation
synergists = often several muscles form one movement

72
Q

what do muscles work in

A

antagonistic pairs = one muscle cannot push and pull
ex = temporalis vs lateral pterygoid (small easy action)

73
Q

what do most skeletal muscles do

A

attach to bone on either side of joint
but some only attached to bone on one side = other side inserts soft tissues
no true synovial joint
ex = bone to eye, bone to skin

74
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A

only heart
myocardium with specialized cardiomyocytes
some with conductive capacity
autonomic control

ANAT 214 (5 decks)

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