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ANAT 214 > Intro to Abdomen > Flashcards

Intro to Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Describe abdomen

A

Below diaphragm
Region of the trunk between thorax and pelvis
Composed of abdominal wall and cavity

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2
Q

Describe borders of abdomen

A

Superior = inferior thoracic aperture - closed by thoracic diaphragm
Inferior = pelvic inlet (pelvis narrows down, abd region continuous with pelvic organs)

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3
Q

Describe abdominal wall

A

Partly compared of bones (few), mostly muscles
(Not like thorax - has many ribs)

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4
Q

Describe abdominal cavity

A

Houses major elements of gi, spleen and part of urinary system
Lined by peritoneum (serous sac of gi organs), contains much of viscera

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5
Q

Describe bones of abdominal wall

A

Vertebrae = 5 lumbar vertebrae
Pelvis = superior aspect pelvic bone (false pelvis, *iliac bones)
Thorax = costal margin, ribs 11-12, xiphoid process

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6
Q

Describe fascia of abdominal wall

A

Superficial fascia = under skin (fatty layer=camper’s fascia)
Transversalis fascia = deep to abdominal muscles (thin, between inner layer of muscles and peritoneum)

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7
Q

Describe organization of muscles of abdominal wall

A

Muscles seal it
Posterior
Lateral a
Anterior

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8
Q

Describe posterior muscles of abdominal wall

A

Quadratus lumborum = square muscle at back
Psoas
Iliacus

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9
Q

Describe lateral muscles of abdominal wall

A

(Same organization as thoracic muscles)
External oblique = superficial, sup and lat to inf and medial
Internal oblique = middle layer, inf and lat to sup and medial (same as int intercostal muscle)
Transversus abdominis = innermost, transverse direction

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10
Q

Describe anterior muscles of abdominal wall

A

Recuts abdominis incased in recuts sheath (straight muscles in front, 6 pack)

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11
Q

Describe rectus sheath

A

Tendinous sheath formed by layering of aponeuroses (flat tendon) of ext oblique, int oblique and transversus abdominis

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12
Q

Describe distribution of aponeuroses of abdominal muscles and rectus sheath

A

Differs= above and below arcuate line

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13
Q

Describe above arcuate line

A

Anterior aspect =external and 1/2 internal
Posterior aspect = 1/2 internal and transversus (Lies against transversalis fascia)
(Makes rectus sheath = where muscle can slide, in between the 2 layers of internal - splits)

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14
Q

Describe below arcuate line

A

All aponeurosis move anterior to rectus abdominis = ext, internal, transversus, rectus abdominis - lays on transversalis fascia
Transition makes arch of fibres = arcuate line

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15
Q

Where is best to cut for c section

A

Below arcuate line since one layer

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16
Q

Where is arcuate line

A

Midway between umbilicus and pubic symphysis

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17
Q

What is aponeurosis of rectus muscles called - in middle of abd

A

Linea alba

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18
Q

What is inguinal ligament

A

Thickening of inferior border of ext oblique
From anterior superior iliac spine (asis) to Pubic tubercle

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19
Q

What is purpose of inguinal canal

A

Important passengers for structures
Like testicular structures for men - structures to reach scrotum

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20
Q

Describe formation of inguinal ligament= generally, informal

A

Where ext oblique inserts and jumps and bony insertions = gets thicker= forms inguinal ligament - more solid insertion of lower ext oblique between 2 points (asis and pubic tubercle)

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21
Q

Describe inguinal canal - length

A

4 cm long approx

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22
Q

Describe borders of inguinal Canal

A

Anterior wall = aponeurosis ext oblique (continuation)
Roof = int oblique (jumps and inserts medially) and transversus abdominis
Posterior wall = transversalis fascia
Floor = inguinal ligament

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23
Q

What forms superficial inguinal ring

A

Anterior wall of inguinal canal = aponeurosis ext oblique (continuation)

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24
Q

What forms deep inguinal ring

A

Posterior wall inguinal canal = transversalis fascia

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25
Q

Describe motor and sensory innervation - nv abd wall = what is innervated

A

Skin, abdominal muscles and parietal peritoneum

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26
Q

Name nerves that innervate abd wall

A

Thoracoabdominal nerves = t7-t11, (leaves intercostal space and reach abd region, segmental organization, laterally)
Subcostal nerve = t12 and l1
Ilioihypogastric = t12 and l1

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27
Q

What is umbilical level

A

T10

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28
Q

What innervates diaphragmatic peritoneum

A

Phrenic nerve

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29
Q

Describe innervation of visceral peritoneum

A

By visceral afferents
Poor localization of sensation= can lead to referred pain

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30
Q

Where does arterial supply of abd wall come from

A

Internal thoracic arteries
External iliac arteries

31
Q

Describe branches of internal thoracic arteries = nv abd wall

A

Musculophrenic = along costal margin
Superior epigastric = travels post to rectus abdominis (sup to stomach, slides in rectus sheath and feeds abdominus)

32
Q

Describe branches of external iliac arteries = nv abd wall

A

Inferior epigastric = travels post to rectus abdominus
Will anastomose with superior epigastric artery

33
Q

Are visceral and parietal peritoneum both sensory

A

No
Visceral = not sensory
Parietal = sensory by nerves for that region (thoracoabdominal)

34
Q

Describe body cavities

A

Human body = fluid filled space
Organs organized, separate and protected - supported by means of fascia
Allow movement between organs and surrounding structures

35
Q

Describe cavities lining = gen

A

Serous membrane lines thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their content
Continuous but divided into 2 layers

36
Q

Describe specific layers of cavities lining

A

Parietal layer = forms outer wall of cavity, attached organs to their walls
Visceral layer = reflection from parietal, overs and encloses viscera (not innervated much for sensory)
Between layers = space filled by serous fluid that allows sliding

37
Q

What is peritoneum

A

Similar to pleura and serous pericardium
Continuous epithelial like layer, divided into 2

38
Q

Describe layers of peritoneum

A

Parietal = lines abdominal wall
Space between parietal and visceral = peritoneal cavity (forms sac)
Visceral = covers organs

39
Q

What does parietal peritoneum do

A

Reflects off abdominal wall and folds to become a components of mesenteries that suspend viscera
Mesentery = not on wall or organ, anchors to wall, contains vessels, not parietal or visceral

40
Q

Describe Intra vs retro peritoneal concept

A

Abdominal viscera = suspended in peritoneal cavity by folds of peritoneum (mesenteries) - INTRA or outside peritoneal cavity (part of organ covered by peritoneum)- RETRO

41
Q

What are omenta, mesenteries and ligaments - gen

A

PERITONEAL cavity has numerous peritoneal folds
Connect organs to each other or abdominal wall

42
Q

Describe omenta

A

Greater and lesser
Double layer peritoneum
From stomach to duodenum and other viscera

43
Q

Describe omental sacs

A

2 omenta divide abdominal cavities =
Greater (rest) and lesser (behind liver and stomach) omental sacs

44
Q

What are mesenteries = specifics

A

Peritoneal folds attaching viscera to post abd wall
Allows movements and conduit for neurovascular structures

45
Q

Name mesenteries

A

Mesentery = small intestine
Transverse mesocolon = transverse colon
Sigmoid mesocolon = sigmoid colon

46
Q

What is peritoneal ligament

A

Double layer peritoneum connecting organs to each other or to body wall
No nv structures in here

47
Q

Describe greater omentum

A

Large apron like peritoneal fold, protects and covers organs, big curtains
from greater curvature stomach, drapes over transverse colon and inserts back up on transverse colon

48
Q

Describe lesser omentum

A

anchors stomach
from lesser curvature stomach and 1st portion duodenum to visceral surface liver

49
Q

Describe hepatoduodenal ligament

A

Lesser omentum
thicker portion from liver to duodenum
fot structures to porta hepatis (bile duct, portal vein hepatic proper artery)

50
Q

Describe hepatogastric ligament

A

Lesser omentum
thinner portion from liver to lesser curvature stomach

51
Q

Describe visceral part of peripheral nervous system

A

innervates blood vessels, glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
consists of 3 divisions = sympathetic, parasym and enteric

52
Q

Describe ans = gen

A

2 neuron pathway between cns and target organ
proximal preganglionic (presynaptic) neuron
distal postganglionic (postsynaptic neuron)

53
Q

Describe 3 features ans

A
  1. cell body of preganglionic neuron located in cns
  2. preganglionic neuron synapse with a postganglionic neuron in autonomic ganglion
  3. postganglionic neuron reaches target organ
54
Q

Describe psns - nerves

A

presynaptic long
postsynaptic short and associated with target organ
cranial nerves= 3, 7, 9,10
sacral nerves = s2,3,4

55
Q

Describe sns - nerves

A

presynaptic short
postsynaptic long
more balanced than psns tho
vertebral level of t1-l2
*synapse in ganglion, usually in abd aorta, region, synapse further away from target organ

56
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves arise from

A

brain-brainstem and sacral spinal cord segments s2,3,4

57
Q

Describe the psns that arise from brain/brainstem

A

preganglionic fibers from cranial nerves =
cn 3,7,9,10

58
Q

Describe psns that arise from sacral spinal cord

A

from pelvic splanchnic nerves
contribute to autonomic plexuses in pelvis, abdomen

59
Q

Describe terminal synapse psns

A

terminal synapse in a parasympathetic ganglion that is always located near/in target organ

60
Q

Describe splanchnic nerves - Gen, psns

A

visceral nerves carrying presynpatic fibers of ans

61
Q

Describe sns = arise from

A

spinal cord of thoracic and lumbar level t1-l2

62
Q

Describe sns = fibers

A

preganglionic fibers leave the spine with spinal nerve of corresponding level
enter sympathetic trunk via white rami communicant
will use 3 diff options to reach sympathetic ganglion

63
Q

Name the 2 groups of sympathetic ganglia

A

sympathetic trunk
prevertebral ganglions

64
Q

Describe sympathetic trunk = sympathetic ganglia

A

located on each side of spine
connected = forms chain, cranium to coccyx

65
Q

Describe prevertebral ganglions = sympathetic ganglia

A

located on main breaches from aorta
coeliac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, aorticorenal

66
Q

Where does sns receive preganglionic fibers from

A

from thoracic splanchnic nerves

67
Q

Describe how preganglionic neurons reach sympathetic ganglion = sympathetic trunk, same level

A

will synapse in ganglion of sympathetic trunk at corresponding level (use gray rami communicans)to re enter spinal nerve and reach target organ
Synapse on chain at same level

68
Q

Describe how preganglionic neurons reach sympathetic ganglion = sympathetic trunk, diff levels

A

Will travel up or down in trunk before synapsing in ganglion (use gray rami communicans) to re enter spinal nerve and reach target organ
Synapse at level it wants to leave

69
Q

Describe how preganglionic neurons reach sympathetic ganglion = to prevertebral ganglia = using splanchnic nerves

A

Will not synapse in any ganglion of sympathetic trunk and will reach a prevertebral ganglion by using a splanchnic nerve
For viscera, presynaptic chain reaches but then leads away = splanchnic
Presynaptic sympathetic neurons that will bring sympathetic input close to organ in abd region, synapse here and reach target organ

70
Q

What is thoracic splanchnic

A

Pass from sympathetic trunk in thorax to prevertebral plexus and ganglia
Pass through diaphragm Crura

71
Q

Name the 3 splanchnic nerves

A

Greater splanchnic
Lesser splanchnic
Least splanchnic

72
Q

Describe where greater splanchnic goes

A

T5-t9
To celiac ganglion associated with celiac trunk

73
Q

Describe where lesser splanchnic goes

A

T10-11
To aorticorenal and superior mesenteric ganglia

74
Q

Describe where least splanchnic goes

A

T12
To renal plexus

ANAT 214 (34 decks)

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