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ANAT 214 > Assigned Male at Birth Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Assigned Male at Birth Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe overal anatomy

A

Has components in abdomen, pelvis and perineum
Is a series of ducts, and tubules, linked to urinary tract

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2
Q

name gonad related structures

A

Scrotum
Testes
Epididymis

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3
Q

Name ducts structures

A

Vas deferens - long tube, connects external component to internal associated glands
Ejaculatory ducts
Penis and erectile tissue
Urethra = links to urinary

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4
Q

Name accessory glands

A

Secrete fluid, combine with sperm and produce semen
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

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5
Q

What is scrotum

A

Superficial component of genital organ with penis
Homologous to labia Majora in female
Dual chambered sack of skin and smooth muscle

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6
Q

Describe musculofascial covering

A

Tunica dartos muscle = subcutaneous, muscle layer, thin smooth muscle, on top of spermatic cord

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7
Q

Describe role of musculofascial covering

A

Regulate scrotal temp = optimal temp for spermatognesis

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8
Q

What gives scrotum wrinkled appearance

A

Contraction of tunica dartos = wrinkled appearance, - goal = reduce surface for heat loss, increases surface area

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9
Q

Describe paminiform plexus

A

Ensheath testiscualr artery
Network of small spermatic veins in spermatic cord
Series of veins
Drain into testicular vein —> varicocele

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10
Q

What is scrotum composed of

A

Musculofascial covering
Pampiniform plexus

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11
Q

What is role of pampiniform plexus

A

Regulate temp fo testes =temp of blood warm to would reabsorb heat to lower blood temp of blood going to testes

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12
Q

When is spermatogenesis optimal

A

1-1.5 degrees below core body temp
If too warm = no spermatogensis

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13
Q

What is a varicocele

A

Varicose of pampiniform plexus
Renal vein stuck between abd aorta and Sma

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14
Q

Describe stats of varicoceles

A

The cause of 17-21% of infertility in ppl
90% of anatomical caused infertility
Compromises spermatogenesis since less heat absorbed when it’s going up

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15
Q

What is spermatic cord

A

Cord like structure that passes through inguinal canal, links outside to inside
Allows communication between abdomenopelvic cavities to testes, via inguinal canal

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16
Q

What does spermatic cord contain

A

Paminiform plexus, testicular artery, vas deferens, testicular innervation

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17
Q

Describe embryology of testes

A

Originally develop high on post abd wall - at level of kidneys in adults
Descend before birth through inguinal canal, forming spermatic cord, to scrotum of perineum
During descent = bring nerve, blood supply, drainage and vas deferens
(In female = stops in pelvis)

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18
Q

What are testes enclosed in

A

Within the end of elongated musculofascial pouch projecting into scrotum
Continuous with anterior abd wall via spermatic cord

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19
Q

describe all layers of spermatic cord - gen

A

Dragged down peritoneum and layers of abd cavity = form layers

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20
Q

Describe what ext oblique muscle aponeurosis forms = layer in spermatic cord

A

External spermatic fascia

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21
Q

Describe what interal oblique muscle forms = layer in spermatic cord

A

Cremasteric muscle - raise and lower testes for thermal regulation
Yo-yo, bring lower to lower temp, bring closer to warm up
Innervated = l1, cremasteric reflex

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22
Q

Describe what transversalis fascia forms = layer in spermatic cord

A

Internal spermatic fascia

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23
Q

Describe what parietal peritoneum forms = layer in spermatic cord

A

Tunica vaginalis
Invagination - pocket, ant surface testes, cushion and protect
Testes well innervated

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24
Q

Describe inguinal hernias - gen

A

Tissue protruding through abd wall of inguinal region
8x more common than in afab (no big structures through inguinal canal)

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25
Q

Describe indirect inguinal hernia

A

2/3
Abdominal viscera herniate through deep inguinal ring to scrotum
Bowels stuff scrotum, = bad
More problematic= cause strangulation
More common in middle aged and older men, risk of bowel obstruction and strangulation
Need surgical intervention

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26
Q

Describe direct inguinal hernia

A

1/3
Abd viscera herniate though inguinal triangle - hesselbachs, = inferior epigastric vessel, rectus abdominus, inguinal ligament
Weak point in wall
Sport hernia
Less change of bowl obstruction since open space - less chance strangulation

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27
Q

Describe testes

A

In scrotum
Covered by a closed sac of peritoneum = tunica vaginalis - anterior, infront
Thick testicular capsule = tunica albuginea- fibrotic, hard

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28
Q

Name parts of internal anatomy of testes

A

Seminiferous tubules
Rete testes
Epididymis

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29
Q

Describe seminiferous tubules

A

Site of spermatogenesis —> to rete testes

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30
Q

Describe rete testes

A

Collecting chamber - reabsorption of fluid to increase sperm concentration
Network - helps concentrate sperm
Links to epididymis

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31
Q

Describe epididymis

A

Long coiled duct in scrotum, posterior side, mobile
Role = maturation of spermatozoa and storage - 2-3 months
Bridges inner testes to duct system

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32
Q

Name and describe parts of epididymis

A

Head = efferent ductules from enlarged coiled mass
Body = run along posterolateral aspect of testis
Tail = found on inf pole testes, continuous with vas deferens

33
Q

What is vas deferens

A

Floppy tube, link outside to inside
Long muscular tube
Transport spermatozoa: epididymis —> ejaculatory duct

34
Q

Describe path of vas deferens

A

Through spermatic cord- inside abd cavity to pelvic cavity —> Loop lateral to inferior epigastric artery —> Enters pelvic inlet -> Retroperioneal —> passes over ureters —> dives inferomedially along base of bladder —> Gets enlarged- ampulla of vas deferens —> Joins seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

35
Q

Describe what suspends vas deferens

A

Over inferior epigastric Artery and then reaches post aspect bladder, then suspended by ureter

36
Q

Describe seminal vesicle

A

Paired accessory glands of male reproductive system
Coiled tube situated between bladder and rectum
Lateral to ampulla of vas deferens at base of bladder
Secretes most of fluid, first gland, behind bladder

37
Q

what is role of seminal vesicle

A

Secrete most of fluid that becomes semen
High in fructose concentration —> sugar boost, hyper
Joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct

38
Q

Describe ejaculatory duct

A

Prepare for ejaculation, sperm and spermatozoa stored and accumulated in vas deferens ampulla
Peristaltic contractions to move sperm
Drains into prostatic urethra

39
Q

Describe prostate

A

Base of bladder
Unpaired accessory gland of male repro system
Surrounds urethra = prostatic urethra
Lies immediately inferior to bladder and superior to pelvic floor

40
Q

What is prostate composed of

A

Individual glandular complexes
All in same capsule
All emptying into prostatic urethra through individual openings

41
Q

Describe prostate Role

A

Secrete slightly alkaline fluid to neutralize acidity of vasginal tract - help it survive

42
Q

Describe prostate - openings, inside

A

Ejaculator duct openings - 2
Fructose rich and sperm mix and meet - add alkaline fluid

43
Q

Describe prostate - clinical correlate

A

Most common cancer among men
21% of all cancer in Canada, 2023, 5 year net survival = 91%, but consider quality of life
Palpate= trans anally - posterior lobe of prostate = lobe most prone to cancer

44
Q

Describe bulbourethral glands - Gen

A

Cowper’s
Paired accessory glands of male reproductive system
Situated in deep perineal pouch (between levator ani and perineal membrane)- (diff for afab, bartholins not in pouch)
Small pea shaped mucous glands
Located behind membranous urethra
Ducts of glands pass through perineal membrane
Drains into urethra of root of penis

45
Q

Describe bulbourethral glands - role

A

Pre ejaculatory emiission to neutralize acidic urine and lurbriact e uretha - make good environment for sperms
Pee can be acidic

46
Q

Describe erectile tissue

A

Composed of 2 corpora cavernosa - hollow, receive blood during erection
1 corpus sponging - contains urethra, spongy tissue
All contained in thick fascia = deep fascia of penis = bucks fascia, tough ct

47
Q

Name components of erectile tissue

A

Root of penis = crura and bulb
Body pf penis
Glans

48
Q

Describe root of penis

A

Bulb and Crura

49
Q

Describe crura - root of penis

A

2 crura = proximal parts of corpora cavernosa - root of, attached to inferior pubic rami

50
Q

Describe bulb - root of penis

A

1
Proximal part of corpus spongipsum
Anchored to perineal membrane - centrally located

51
Q

Describe body of penis

A

No longer anchored =
Formed by free part of corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
= where will erect

52
Q

Describe glans of penis

A

Expansion fo corpus spongiosum over beyond distal end of corpora cavernosa

53
Q

Name skeletal muscles

A

Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus

54
Q

Describe ischiocavernosus

A

Cover crura of penis
Anchored to ischial tuberosity and inferior pubic Rami

55
Q

What is role of ischiocavernosus

A

Forces blood from crura into body pf penis for erection

56
Q

Describe bulbospongiosus

A

Covers bulb of penis
Anchored for perineal body and perineal membrane

57
Q

Describe role of bulbospongiosus

A

Forces blood into distal region fo penis
Emptying urethra During voiding
Pulsatilla emission of semen during ejaculation
Make sure pressure if good, contract and move blood to penis

58
Q

What is innervation of skeletal muscles of penis

A

Somatic - pudendal nerve, s2-4

59
Q

Describe blood supply of penis

A

3 branches of internal pudendal artery
Artery of bulb of penis = supplies bulb
Dorsal penile artery runs along dorsum fo penis
Deep penile artery = runs within corpus cavernosum

60
Q

Describe venous drainage of penis

A

One vein = deep dorsal vein
Passes under pubic symphysis,joins prostatic plexus
Outside corpus cav but deep to bucks fascia

61
Q

Describe erection - specifics

A

Vascular event generated by parasympathetic fibres= from pelvic splanchicn, s2-s4
Relaxation fo branches of deep penile arteries = vasodilation
Corpus cavernosum engorge
Contraction of ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus = force blood into distal region of penis, deep dorsal vein compressed under bucks fascia = impede venous outflow = erection

62
Q

Describe erection - Gen informal

A

Psns = have arteries vasodilate and blood - cavernosum filled with blood, so increase pressure inside bucks fascia (unstretchable) - so only venous drainage system of inner component of penis compressed = vein compressed under bucks fascia and muscles push more blood = erection

63
Q

Describe male urethra

A

Long - 20cm
From neck of bladder to external urethral orifice
Passes through prostate, deep perineal pouch, perineal membrane and penis

64
Q

Name all parts of urethra

A

Preprostatic urethra
Prostatic part
Membranous part
Spongy urethra - penile

65
Q

What is internal urethral sphincter

A

Between bladder and prostate

66
Q

Describe preprostatic urethra

A

1cm
Along base of bladder to prostate
Internal urethral sphincter= prevents retrograde ejacultion

67
Q

Describe prostatic part

A

3-4 cm
Surrounded by prostate
Where ejaculatory and glandular complexes empties

68
Q

Describe membranous part

A

Narrower
Passes through deep perineal pouch
Surrounded by external urethral sphincter
Jucntion between prostate and penis

69
Q

Describe spongy urethra - penile

A

Within corpus spongiosum
Bulbourethral glands empty into bulb region
Ends at external urethral orifice

70
Q

Describe peritoneum

A

Peritoneum of abdominal cavity is continuous through pelvic inlet
Drapes over pelvic viscera:
Forms: pouches between viscera, and ligaments

71
Q

Describe peritoneum in males

A

Drapes over bladder and seminal vesicles
Reflects not anterior aspect of rectum

72
Q

Describe clinical correlate - peritoneum amab

A

Inflammation of infection of peritoneal cavity causes fluid to accumulate here in amab - rectovesicle pouch

73
Q

What is sexual response

A

Erection, emission, ejaculation
Involves sympathetic, parasympathetic and somatic pathways

74
Q

Describe erection

A

Parasympathetic innervation: relaxation of deep penile arteries
(Constriction maintained by sympathetic innervation)
Pudendal nerve: Contraction of bulbo & ischiocavernosus -> force blood into erectile tissue

75
Q

Describe emission

A

Parasympathetic stimulation mediates secretion of seminal fluid
Sympathetic stimulate peristalsis movement of ductus deferens & seminal vesicle glands
Fluid is propelled into prostatic urethra where prostatic fluid is added

76
Q

Describe ejaculation

A

Sympathetic stimulate constriction of internal urethra sphincter (prevent retrograde ejaculation)
Strong pulsatile contraction for ejaculation: Parasympathetic stimulation contracts urethral muscle, Pudendal nerve contracts bulbospongiosus

77
Q

Describe internal urethral sphincter role specifically

A

Semen could go up to bladder - type of infertility, can happen after prostate surgery
Sphincter closes and makes only one path out

78
Q

Describe semens pathway

A

Seminiferous tubules —> straight tubule —> Rete testis —> Efferent ductules —> Epididymis — ductus deferens —> Ejaculatory duct —> prostatic —> Membranous —> Penile urethra

79
Q

Describe recto vesicular pouch

A

Space between rectum and bladder
Lowets part of peritoneal cavity (equiv to afab recto uterine pouch)
On top of rectum and bladder

ANAT 214 (34 decks)

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