Muscular (chronic adaptation) Flashcards
List the** Aerobic** Muscular adaptations
1) Increased mitochondrial density
2) Increased myoglobin content
3) Increase in oxidative enzymes
4) Increase in aVO2 difference at sub-maximal and maximal intensity
5) Increase in capillary density at muscles
6) Increase in size of slow twitch muscle fibres
7) Increase in intramuscular glycogen stores
8) Increase in oxidation of fats (allows athlete to glycogen spare)
9) Increase in oxidation of glycogen at high aerobic intensity
Explain Increased Mitochondrial density
Increase in mitochondrial density will allow for an increased number of sites for cellular aerobic respiration, allowing the oxygen delivered to working muscles to be used at a faster rate to produce energy at a faster rate, allowing athlete to work at a higher maximal aerobic intensity, (which is a higher LIP - last point where lactate entry into the blood and out of the blood is balanced).
Explain Increased Myoglobin content
Increase in myoglobin content will allow for increased oxygen carrying capabilities from bloodstream to mitochondria (sit of aerobic cellular respiration), allowing greater amounts of oxygen to be delivered faster for producing energy, allowing athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically).
Explain Increased oxidative enzymes
A trained aerobic athlete will have an increase in oxidative enzymes means the runner can break down fuels at a faster rate and thus, produce energy faster to work at higher intensity aerobically.
Explain Increased aVO2 Difference at sub-maximal and maximal intensity
Increased avo2 difference at sub-maximal and maximal intensities means more oxygen is diffused into the working muscles, thus, allowing Nansa to run at a higher intensity aerobically.
Explain Increased capillary density at muscles
A trained aerobic athlete will have greater capillary density at muscles, increasing the number of sites of diffusion, allowing more oxygen to diffuse out of bloodstream into muscles (and carbon dioxide out of muscles into bloodstream), allowing this higher mount of oxygen delivered to be used by muscles to synthesise more energy to allow athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically.
Explain Increased intramuscular glycogen stores
A trained athlete will have greater amounts of glycogen stores in muscles, allowing these larger fuels source to be broken down to produce grater yield of energy, allowing athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically for longer.
Explain Increased oxidation of glycogen at high aerobic intensity (prevents need to resynthesis ATP anaerobically)
A trained aerobic athlete will be able to oxidise glycogen at higher intensity and thus, will be able to synthesise energy at higher intensities aerobically, allowing athlete to work at a higher intensity aerobically.
Explain Increased oxidation of fats (allows athletes to glycogen spare)
An increased oxidation of fats will allow a trained athlete to oxidise triglycerides at a high intensity and thus glycogen spare.
List anaerobic muscular chronic adaptation
1) Increase in intramuscular ATP and PC stores
2) Increase in muscle hypertrophy / Increase in myofibril size and number
3) Increase in motor unit recruitment
4) Increase in lactate tolerance
5) Increase in glycogen stores
6) Increase in glycolytic enzymes
7) Increase in contractile proteins
8) Increase in ATPase
9) Increase in size and strength of connective tissue
Explain Increased intramuscular ATP and PC stores
A trained athlete will be able to utilise their ATP-PC system for longer duration, allowing for maximal efforts to be sustained longer at greater intensity.
Explain Increased muscle hypertrophy or Increased myofibril size and number
A trained athlete will experience greater anabolic effects of muscles, which increase in size allowing for larger force production capabilities, allowing athlete to complete maximal efforts at a higher intensity.
Explain Increased Motor Unit Recruitment
Trained athlete can have increased motor unit recruitment, which leads to increased force production capabilities allowing the player to [hit harder].
Explain Increased lactate tolerance
Allows the athlete to maintain a higher intensity despite the accumulation of hydrogen ions and thus, [the 400m runner can utilise their anaerobic glycolysis system for a higher percentage of the race].
Explain Increased Glycolytic Enzymes
Glycolytic enzymes break down glycogen in the absence of oxygen. Hence, the increase in glycolytic enzymes allows for the faster breakdown of glycogen in the absence of oxygen, allowing for a higher intensity to be maintained by the anaerobic glycolysis system as energy (ATP) is synthesised faster.
