Cardiovascular (chronic adaptation) Flashcards
list all the heart chronic adaptations
- increasedsize and volume of left ventricle
-increased stroke volume - increased cardiac output @ max intensity
- decreased rest and sub-max heart rate
- increased heart rate recovery rate (decreased time to recover)
list all blood vessels (vascular) chronic adaptation
-increased capillarisation of heart muscles
-increased capillarisation of skeletal muscles
- increased redistribution of blood flow
- increased high density lipooproteins (HDLS)
list all blood chronic adaptations
-increased blood volume
-increased plasma levels
-increased red blood cell count
-increased haemoglobin levels
- decreased blood pressure
Another name for increase size and volume of left ventricle
cardiac hypertrophy
Explain Increase size and volume of left ventricle
- An increase in the size and volume of left ventricle allows for more blood to be ejected from left ventricle per beat
- resulting in an increase of stroke volume (at all intensities), allowing more oxygenated blood to be pumped towards working muscles.
- allowing athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically.
Explain Increased stroke volume
An increase in stroke volume at all intensities allows for more blood to be ejected out of left ventricle per beat
-allowing more blood to be pumped towards working muscles and resulting greater delivery of oxygen
-allowing athlete to work at higher intensities aerobically.
Explain Increased Cardiac Output at Maximum Intensity
Cardiac output, the amount of blood ejected from left ventricle per minute increases at maximum intensityas cardiac output equals stroke volume times heart rate.
At maximum intensity, heart rate stays same, but stroke volume will be higher for trained athletes
resulting in more oxygenated blood being pumped towards working muscles, allowing athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically.
formula for Q (cardiac output)
Cardiac output = SV x HR
Explain Decrease in resting and sub-maximal heart rates
*Note: This does not help with athletic performance.
-At rest or sub-maximal intensity, demand by working muscles is less, so for a constant cardiac output a trained athlete will have a higher stroke volume
-allowing for heart rate to decrease as the same amount of oxygenated blood can continue to be pumped towards working muscles at rest or sub-maximal intensity.
Increase in heart rate recovery rate (lower in time required for recovery)
-A trained aerobic athlete will have a greater stroke volume at all intensities, meaning left ventricle can eject more oxygenated blood per beat
- resulting in more oxygenated blood delivered to fatigues muscles faster, reducing the total time between athletes work intensity heart rate and rest heart rate.
Explain Increased capillarisation of heart muscles
An increase in capillarisation of heart muscles allows for greater blood flow, and hence, oxygen delivery to heart muscle, allowing for heart to work effectively at maximum intensity to eject blood out of left ventricle to provide working muscles with oxygenated blood faster, allowing athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically.
Explain Increased capillarisation of skeletal muscles (mainly slow twitch)
Increased capillarisation of skeletal muscles allows for more points of diffusion, allowing more oxygen to enter muscles (and carbon dioxide to exit muscles into bloodstream), allowing for this greater oxygen delivery to allow athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically.
Explain Increased redistribution of blood flow away from organs to working muscles
A trained aerobic athlete will have larger size of blood vessels and number of capillaries towards working muscles, allowing for blood to be redistributed at maximal intensity to be more efficiently delivered towards working muscles with higher demand of oxygen (and away from organs), allowing athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically.
Explain Increase in high density lipoproteins (HDL’s)
HDL’s help remove plaque accumulating around arterial walls (such as cholesterol deposits) increasing the lumen size of blood vessels, hence, wider passage for oxygenated blood to move towards working muscles faster in greater quantities results in athlete being able to work at high intensity aerobically.
Which cardiovascular adaptation should you go with
- Increased capillarisation of skeletal muscles, mainly slow twitch
- Increase in haemoglobin levels
- Increased stroke volume
-Increased Cardiac Output at maximum intensity
Explain Increase in blood volume
A trained aerobic athlete will have a greater blood volume, increasing plasma and haemoglobin levels, allowing greater oxygen carrying capabilities that can reach working muscles with improved blood flow, allowing athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically.
Explain Increase in plasma levels
A trained athlete will have greater plasma levels, which can lead to increased stroke volume as less viscous blood improves blood flow and is hence, easier to eject out of left ventricle in greater quantities, allowing more oxygenated blood to reach working muscles faster to help athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically.
Explain Increase in red blood cell (RBC) count
A trained athlete will have a higher red blood cell count, meaning the oxygen carrying capability of blood increases (as more haemoglobin will exist), allowing for greater oxygen delivery to working muscles allowing athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically.
Explain Increase in haemoglobin levels
A trained aerobic athlete will have greater haemoglobin levels (which is the molecule to which oxygen binds to in blood), increasing the oxygen carrying capability of blood, allowing greater delivery of oxygen to working muscles, allowing athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically.
What should be included after stating and explaining the chronic adaptation
Allowing the athlete to work at higher intensity aerobically.
State the anaerobic Caridovascular adaptation
1) Increased thickness of ventricular walls
Explain Increased thickness of ventricular walls
A trained athlete will have thicker ventricular walls, allowing for a more forceful heart contraction, increasing the speed of blood flow that is ejected from heart, allowing blood to reach working muscles faster thus work at a higher intensity.
