Molecules Recognized by Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

In innate immunity which receptors recognize the ligands?

Answer 1

The pattern recognition receptors (PRR).
Recognize patterns common to groups and subgroups. (PAMPs and DAMPs)

Question 2

In Adaptive immunity which receptors recognize the ligands?

Answer 2

The antigen receptors.

Question 3

Which two types of ligands activate innate immunity?

Answer 3

PAMPs (triggered by ‘strangers’) and DAMPs (triggered by molecules from the host’s environment produced under abnormal circumstances)

Question 4

Where can we found PAMP receptors?

Answer 4

We can find them expressed in the cell membrane, inside endosomes or in the cell cytoplasm.

Question 5

Types of PAMP receptors and what molecules do they recognize.

Answer 5

• Toll-like Receptor: proteins, lipids, glycans, N acids….
  Bacteria, Viruses, parasites, fungi.
• Nodd-like Receptor: Peptidoglycans, MDP.
  Bacteria
• C-type lectin Receptor: glycans
  Bacteria and fungi.
• RIG-I like Receptor: viral RNA
  Viruses

Question 6

Types of Ligands of Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa and Parasites.

Answer 6

Bacteria: peptidoglycans, LPS and lipoprotein.
Viruses: DNA, dsRNA, ssRNA.
Fungi: B-glucan.
Protozoa: protein-like molecules.
Parasites: lipoprotein.

Question 7

When are DAMPs released?

Answer 7

When there’s a cell injury (damage)

Question 8

An example of a DAMP

Answer 8

ATP, as it’s found outside the cell when the cell has died.

Question 9

Types of DAMP receptors

Answer 9

Constitutive (expressed or passively released) or Inducible (actively secreted)

Question 10

What’s an antigen?

Answer 10

A molecule that is recognized by an antibody or a T-cell Receptor.

Question 11

What’s an immunogen?

Answer 11

An antigen that’s capable of producing an adaptive immune response.

Question 12

What’s an hapten?

Answer 12

An antigen not immunogenic that can be made immunogenic after the binding with a carrier protein.

Question 13

What’s an epitope?

Answer 13

The portion of an antigen that binds with the antibody or TCR.

Question 14

What’s a paratope?

Answer 14

The portion of an antibody or TCR that binds to the epitope.

Question 15

What Determines Immunogenicity of an Antigen?

Answer 15

Properties of the immunogene, properties of the host and how the individual is exposed to the molecule.

Question 16

Make a scheme of what determines immunogenicity.

Answer 16

Ver libro

Question 17

Order of type of molecules and their relation to immunogenicity.

Answer 17

proteins - polysacharides - lipids - nucleic acids.

Question 18

What molecular mass tend to have immunogenes?

Answer 18

100 000 Daltons (Da)

Question 19

What are the different types of route administration?

Answer 19

Oral, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intravenous.

Question 20

How is the vaccine against pneumococcal and influenza administered?

Answer 20

Subcutaneous and intramuscular.

Question 21

What are adjuvants?

Answer 21

Molecules that active the innate immunity and also promote the activation of adaptive immunity (co-stimulatory). Signals for lymphocite proliferation and they prolong antigen persistence.

Question 22

Epitopes types

Answer 22

B cell epitopes and T cell Epitopes

Question 23

B cell Epitopes:
- Size:
- Chemical properties:
- Location on Ag:
- Conforamtion:

Answer 23

• Size: no longer than the antibody binding site.
• Chemical properties: hydrophillic Aa on the protein surface.
• Location on Ag: in flexible regions of an immunogen ad displaying site mobility.
• Conforamtion: has a native conformation.

Question 24

Whta can we obtain based in this properties?

Answer 24

Prediciton algorithms.

Question 25

What are the applications of immunogenicity and antigenicity?

Answer 25

• Vaccine (slect the antigen with the highest immunogenicity)
• Monitor adaptive immune responses (profile the immune status and the best treatment).
• Generation of antibodies. (therapeutic or technical)
• Drug design (drugs that are not-immunogenic).