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From molecule to the cell II > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

From what is connective tissue made?

A

From cells (fibroblasts and others), ground substance and fibers (ECM).

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2
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Supports surrounding cells and organs.
  • Protects against microorganisms.
  • Repairs damaged tissue.
  • Stores fat.
  • Medium for the exchange of nutrients and other wastes between blood and tissues.
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3
Q

From what is the ECM made?

A

Is made of ground substance (proteoglycans) and fibers (elastic and collagen).

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4
Q

What two types of cells exist in the Connective tissue?

A

Fixed cells:
- Fibroblasts.
- Adipocytes.
- Tissue macrophages.
Free cells:
- Inmune cells (lymphocytes)
- Inflammatory cells (active macrophages and neutrophils)

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5
Q

How can we describe the ground substance and how is observed under the microscope?

A

The ground substance is transparent (colorless) and gel-like. Under the microscope is a white region.

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6
Q

From what is the ground substance made?

A

The ground substance is made of glycosaminoglycans (these are in the bacteria wall), proteoglycans (MAINLY) (as cartílago) and glycoproteins.

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7
Q

How does Ground Substance act?

A

It acts as a lubricant.
Prevents invasion of tissues by foreign agents (as it allows the tranpsort of immune cells) and resists forces of compression (como el cartílago).

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8
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the human body? In what percentage?

A

Is collagen in a 30%.

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9
Q

Types of collagen

A
  • Fibril forming or fibril associated: in bones, tendons, blood vessels, skin, cartilage and dentin.
  • Cross-linked finto fibers (in basement membrane).
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10
Q

What steps follow the synthesis of collagen?

A
  1. Intracellular synthesis: fibroblasts from procollagen and is packed in secretory vesicles.
  2. Extracellular synthesis: procollagen is transformed into insoluble collagen.
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11
Q

What can collagen form and how?

A

Collagen can aggregate to form collagen fibrils. They are formed by the cross-links between the collagen molecules catalyzed by lysyl oxidase.

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12
Q

What is the main function of reticular fibers?

A

They form a supporting framework for highly cellular tissues (endocrine glands, lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow…)

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13
Q

From what are reticular fibers made?
Type of collagen

A

Made by reticular cells (specialized fibroblasts) and vascular smooth muscle cells. Mainly formed by type III collagen which is thiner than type I. Main function, support.

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14
Q

How do we stain reticular fibers?

A

Because of their high carbohydrate content, they stain black with silver salts and aren’t visible with H&E.

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15
Q

What makes the fibers to probide a flexible network?

A

The loose disposition (lots of ground substance) of reticular fibers.

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16
Q

In what organs do reticular fibers provide a flexible network?

A

In hematopoietic organs (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow) and organs subjected to changes in form or volume (arteries, uterus and intestinal mucle layers).

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17
Q

Which are the non colllagen fibers?

A

Elastic fibers

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18
Q

From what are elastic fibers made?

A

From an elastin core surrounded by fibrillin (microfibrillar glycoprotein).

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19
Q

To what extent can elastin fibers be streched?

A

Up to 150% of their resting lenght.

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20
Q

Why are elastic fibers important?

A

Because they confere elsticity to ligaments, lungs, bladder, skin and walls of blood vessels.

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21
Q

How does ground substance atract water?

A

It atracts water as it’s main component are proteoglycans which is negatively charged.

22
Q

Explain the structure of glycosaminoglycans.
And one property.

A

They are linear polisacharides that when bound to a protein core form proteoglycans. (keratan sulfate, condroitin sulfate, hyauluronic acid)
Very hydrophyllic as the have lots of negative charges (SO4- GROUPS)

23
Q

Proteoglycans structure, main function.

A

Formed by glycosaminoglycans bound to a protein core. Atract water.

24
Q

Structure of glycoproteins

A

Small glycosilated proteins

25
Q

What is the function of glycoproteins?

A

They allow binding to cells, signalling molecules and ECM components.

26
Q

Examples of glycoproteins and what do they do.

A

Fibronectin and laminin, important for adhesion of epithelial cells to basal membrane via integrin receptors.

27
Q

Staining of collagen and elastic fibers under:
H&E stain
Weigert’s and aldehyde-fucsin…

A

H&E stain: Collagen (pink/orange), elastic fibers (glassy red)
Weigert’s and aldehyde-fucsin…
Collagen (pink/orange), elastic fibers (purple/black).

28
Q

What are Mesenchymal stem cells?

A

They are pluripotent cells which will give rise to all the types of cells found in the connective tissue.

29
Q

What implications have a cell that is more mature?

A

More mature cells have a higher regeneration period and don’t proliferate as much. Tis happens in highly developed tissues.

30
Q

Draw a diagram of the types of connective tissue.

A

Ver libro.

31
Q

What are the most abundant cells in embryonic CT?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

32
Q

From waht is made mainly the embryonic CT?

A

Made of mesenchymal stem cells (cells) and ground substance.

33
Q

Where can we find mucous connetive tissue?

A

In the fetal tissue and the umbilical cord.

34
Q

Of what is mucous connective tissue composed?

A

Mainly of ground substance (hyaluronic acid) with few collagen fibers and fibroblasts.

35
Q

Other name for mucous CT?

A

Wharton’s jelly

36
Q

Where can we found mesenchyme CT?

A

In the fetal kidney (tubuli, glomeruli)

37
Q

What is the composition of loose/areolar CT?

A

Mainly made of ground substance.

38
Q

Functions of loose CT.
Two properties.

A

Supports the epithelia of major organs and glands and facilitates cell transport.
Highly vascularized and doesn’t present much resistance to stress.

39
Q

What is the composition of dense CT?

A

Mainly of fibers.

40
Q

How can dense CT be classified?

A

In Regular (organized) and Irregular (meshwork).

41
Q

What two types of tissue form the Dense Regular?

A

Collagenous (resists mechanical stress in ligaments and tendons) and Elastic (made of elastin and fibrillin)

42
Q

What type of tissue can we find in the dermis of the skin, organ capsules and fascia (tejido que recubre todo nuestro cuerpo)?

A

Dense Irregualr connective tissue.

43
Q

What are the two specialized CT?

A

Adipose tissue and reticular tissue.

44
Q

What’s the function of adipose tissue?

A

Stores fat and controls glucose and saciety (saciedad)

44
Q

Two types of adipose tissue.

A

White adipose tisssue (1 large lipid droplet, nuclei displaced) and brown adipose tissue (several smaller lipid droplets, nuceli at the center, heat production).

45
Q

Of what type of collagen is made the reticular CT?
What forms?

A

Made of Collagen type III. Forms the stroma of Higly Cellualr Organs.

46
Q

What’s the structure of fibroblasts?

A

Elongated nuclei with lots of RER and Golgi.

47
Q

Functions of fibroblasts.

A
  • Synthesize collagen
    -Synthesize grow factors
  • Plays a major role in the process of wound healing
48
Q

One characteristic of fibroblasts

A

Raraely undergo cell division unless they answer to injury when they proliferate and enhance fiber formation.

49
Q
A

From molecule to the cell II (49 decks)

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