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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 9 - Nature of Human Viruses (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 9 - Nature of Human Viruses (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses are ____________ agents

A

filterable

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2
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

NO

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3
Q

Can viruses replicate in broth?

A

NO

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4
Q

Do viruses divide by binary fission?

A

NO

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5
Q

What do viruses do after they infect a susceptible cell?

A

Take over cellular machinery
Make cell into a virus-making factory

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6
Q

What do viruses require to replicate?

A

Living cells

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7
Q

Do antibiotics and antifungals work on viruses?

A

NO

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8
Q

How do viruses initiate a new infection?

A

They disassemble in the newly infected cell

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9
Q

What do viruses use to complete their life cycle?

A

Host cell machinery

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10
Q

What is the genetic material of viruses?

A

RNA or DNA

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11
Q

New virus particles are made from newly made _________ ___________ in the host cell

A

viral proteins

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12
Q

Infectious virus particle

A

Virion

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of capsids?

A

Helical
Icosahedral

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14
Q

Which capsid varies in length depending on the size of the viral RNA?

A

Helical

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15
Q

All (-)RNA viruses contain which capsid?

A

Helical

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16
Q

All enveloped viruses contain which capsid?

A

Helical

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17
Q

Helical capsids containing human viruses have what?

A

Lipid envelope

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18
Q

T/F: Most helical capsids have a rigid stucture

A

FALSE, most do NOT have a rigid structure, they are spaghetti-like

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19
Q

Viruses with icosahedral capsids can be ___________ or ___________

A

enveloped; naked

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20
Q

What are icosahedral capsids formed from?

A

Viral capsid proteins

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21
Q

What is inside the icosahedral capsid?

A

Nucleic acid of the virus

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22
Q

The structure of icosahedral capsids need to be strong enough to withstand ___________ ________ but still be able to open up once the virus has infected a new cell

A

stomach acid

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23
Q

What is needed to form the icosahedral capsid?

A

Viral capsid protein

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24
Q

What happens once a sufficient amount of viral capsid protein is present?

A

Icosahedron spontaneously forms

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25
Q

The property of icosahedral capsid self-assembly is used to make what?

A

Virus-like particles in HPV vaccine

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26
Q

What does a “naked” virus mean?

A

No envelope lipid bilayer

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27
Q

What are viral envelopes derived from?

A

Infected cell membranes

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28
Q

The viral envelope ____________ are incorporated into the lipid bilayer.

A

glycoproteins

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29
Q

What are the viral envelope glycoproteins that are incorporated into the lipid bilayer required for?

A

Entry into a cell

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30
Q

T/F: If you disrupt the lipid bilayer, the virus cannot enter cells

A

True!

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31
Q

T/F: If a virus is enveloped, it is, on the whole, more fragile and cannot withstand agents that disrupt the envelope, such as stomach acid, detergents, solvents, heat, and drying agents

A

True

32
Q

Which viruses are more resistant to agents such as stomach acid, detergents, solvents, heat, and drying - enveloped or naked?

A

Naked viruses

33
Q

Some (naked/enveloped) viruses can withstand stomach acid and are transferred through the oral-fecal route

A

Naked viruses

34
Q

Name 4 ways naked viruses can be transmitted

A

Respiratory
Sex
Congenitally
Oral-fecal

35
Q

Name 3 ways enveloped viruses can be transmitted

A

Respiratory
Sex
Blood

36
Q

Can enveloped viruses be spread via oral-fecal route?

A

NO

37
Q

T/F: If an enveloped virus is on a surface in a liquid, like blood or mucus, it can retain some infectivity. However, once the liquid dries, the virus loses infectivity

A

True

38
Q

What prevents a virus from infecting a cell?

A

Neutralizing ABs

39
Q

What do neutralizing ABs recognize?

A

Surface proteins on the virion

40
Q

What do neutralizing ABs for naked viruses bind?

A

Capsid proteins

41
Q

What do neutralizing ABs for enveloped viruses bind?

A

Envelope glycoproteins in the lipid bilayer

42
Q

What is the name of the genome for single-stranded RNA viruses?

A

+ssRNA

43
Q

What genome is the same as messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

+ssRNA

44
Q

What is the name of the genome for negative-sense RNA viruses?

A

-ssRNA

45
Q

What do negative-sense RNA viruses use as a template to make mRNA?

A

-ssRNA

46
Q

What does BOAR stand for?

A

Bunyavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Arenavirus, Reovirus

47
Q

What type of genome do BOAR viruses have?

A

Segmented

48
Q

Linear ssDNA members

A

Parvovirus

49
Q

Linear dsDNA members

A

Adenovirus, Herpesvirus, and Poxvirus

50
Q

Closed-circular dsDNA members

A

Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus

51
Q

Circular, most of the circle is double-stranded, but a small part is single-stranded (circular ds/ssDNA)
member

A

Hepadnavirus

52
Q

+ssRNA members

A

Hepevirus, Picornavirus, Calicivirus, Togavirus,
Coronavirus, Flavivirus, and Retrovirus

53
Q

-ssRNA members

A

Filovirus, Paramyxovirus, and Rhabdovirus

54
Q

segmented -ssRNA members

A

Arenavirus, Bunyavirus, and Orthomyxovirus

55
Q

Segmented dsRNA member

A

Reovirus

56
Q

Circular -ssRNA member

A

Deltavirus-This is the Hepatitis D virus (HDV)

(It is not replication-competent and needs the help of the Hepatitis B Virus to replicate)

57
Q

In this infection, the virus does not kill the cell but does produce virus

A

Steady state

58
Q

This infection is productive. The virus is made and is non-cytocidal; the virus does not kill the cell

A

Steady state

59
Q

The virus kills the cell as part of its life cycle; cell death is needed to release the virus.

A

Lytic/cytocidal

60
Q

The virus kills the cell but not as part of its normal replication. It just makes the cell so sick that it cannot live

A

Cytopathic/cytocidal

61
Q

This infection is productive and cytocidal. It also produces virus and kills the cell

A

Lytic/cytocidal
Cytopathic/cytocidal

62
Q

The virus infects cells and does not produce any virus but can reactivate

A

Latent

63
Q

This is non-productive (no virus made) and non-cytocidal (the cell is not killed)

A

Latent

64
Q

The ability to become latent is an important feature of which virus?

A

Herpesviruses

65
Q

The infected cell can fuse membranes of neighboring uninfected cells to form a large multinucleated cell

A

Syncytia forming

66
Q

If a virus can transform a cell, it makes the virus more likely to cause cancer.

A

Cell-transforming

67
Q

Transforming a cell makes them immortal and able to grow on top of each other (no contact inhibition like most cells)

A

Cell-transforming

68
Q

Name the 6 viruses that cause cancer

A

EBV
HPV
HHV8
HTLV
HBV
HCV

69
Q

What cancers does EBV cause?

A

Burkitt lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Oral hairy leukoplakia

70
Q

What cancers does HPV cause?

A

Cervical
Anal
Oropharynx

71
Q

What cancer does HHV8 cause?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

72
Q

What cancer does HTLV cause?

A

Adult T cell leukemia and lymphoma

73
Q

What cancer does HBV and HCV cause?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

74
Q

All DNA viruses are ____________

A

icosahedral

75
Q

For the RNA viruses, only the –ssRNA viruses are ________

A

helical

(except for coronavirus)

76
Q

for the RNA viruses, only the –ssRNA
viruses are helical, except for which one?

A

Coronavirus

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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