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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 10 - Retroviruses and HIV (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 10 - Retroviruses and HIV (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative agent in 2 diseases?

A

HTLV

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2
Q

What 2 diseases does HTLV-1 cause?

A

Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL)
HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP)

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3
Q

What disease occurs in people infected with HTLV-1 before the age of 20?

A

Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL)

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4
Q

What disease can HTLV-2 potentially cause?

A

HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP)

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5
Q

T/F: The majority of people infected with HTLV are symptomatically infected

A

FALSE, majority of people are ASYMPTOMATICALLY infected

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6
Q

What 3 ways is HTLV transmitted?

A

Breastfeeding
Sex
IV drug use

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7
Q

Is HTLV contagious or non-contagious?

A

Non-contagious

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8
Q

Is HIV contagious or non-contagious?

A

Non-contagious

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9
Q

How many strands of the same RNA are carried by retroviruses?

A

2 (diploid)

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10
Q

What does HIV use to make its +ssRNA into a viral DNA copy (called the provirus)?

A

Reverse transcriptase

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11
Q

What will integrate the proviral DNA into the cellular chromosome in HIV infections?

A

Integrase

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12
Q

Where does the viral DNA stay integrated in for the life of the cell in HIV infections?

A

In cellular DNA

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13
Q

Capsid protein in HIV; used in some diagnostic tests

A

p24

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14
Q

Cleaves the viral polyprotein and matures the virion in HIV

A

Protease

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15
Q

DNA-dependent DNA polymerase that makes proviral DNA from the viral +ssRNA in HIV

A

Reverse transcriptase

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16
Q

Puts the proviral DNA into the cell chromosome in HIV

A

Integrase

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17
Q

Is HIV naked or enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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18
Q

Viral envelope glycoproteins in HIV

A

gp120 and gp41

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19
Q

Envelope glycoprotein that binds the receptors, CD4, and secondary receptor, CCR5 or CXCR4 in HIV

A

gp120

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20
Q

Envelope glycoprotein that has a fusion domain. Fuses the lipid bilayer of virus with the plasma membrane, allowing capsid to enter the cytoplasm of the cell

A

gp41

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21
Q

T/F: Detergents and drying will kill HIV since it is an enveloped virus

A

True

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22
Q

What is the accepted way to clean off contaminated surfaces in regards to HIV?

A

10% bleach solution
Virucidal

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23
Q

Is there a lot of viral diversity in a person infected with HIV?

A

YES

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24
Q

Why is there a lot of viral diversity in a person infected with HIV?

A

Reverse transcriptase error rate and no proofreading activity

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25
Q

Why do we need drugs from 2 classes of antivirals in order to treat HIV?

A

Due to HIV’s diversity

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26
Q

How many drugs are used for HIV treatment

A

2-3

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27
Q

What type of HIV infection - acute or chronic?

A lot of virus is being produced in the body, and some people feel like they have the ‘flu’ or
mononucleosis

A

Acute HIV infection

28
Q

What type of HIV infection - acute or chronic?

The immune system reduces the amount of virus to a lower level

A

Chronic HIV infection

29
Q

Are people more likely to spread HIV during the acute phase of infection or the chronic phase of infection?

A

Acute phase

30
Q

During infection, people infected with HIV may also have swollen ___________ ___________

A

lymph nodes

31
Q

What is the receptor for HIV?

A

CD4

32
Q

What type of cells does HIV infect?

A

CD4+ T cells (mostly)
Macrophages
Microglial cells
Dendritic cells

33
Q

What is the secondary receptor for HIV?

A

CCR5 or CXCR4

34
Q

Upon initial infection, HIV almost always uses which receptor only?

A

CCR5

35
Q

Initial HIV infections caused by ONE virus are almost always _________ restricted

A

CCR5

36
Q

What are people with a deletion in CCR5 mostly protected from?

A

HIV infection

37
Q

Where does HIV establish infection?

A

Gut-associated lymph tissue (GALT)

38
Q

Where does HIV remain during chronic infection?

A

GALT

39
Q

What does HIV infection of the GALT early on result in?

A

Dysbiosis of the gut
Leakage of bacterial products into blood

40
Q

What is a significant contributor to chronic immune activation seen in people living with HIV?

A

Leakage of bacterial products into blood

41
Q

During acute infection, where can HIV establish an infection?

A

Brain

42
Q

What type of HIV infection - acute or chronic?

Latently infected HIV cells are established. These cells are very long-lived; if antiviral drugs are removed, the virus from these cells will reseed the infection.

(ON EXAM)

A

Acute HIV infection

43
Q

Why can we not cure people of HIV? (ON EXAM)

A

Latent reservoir

44
Q

How soon after exposure to HIV must you start antiviral treatment?

A

Within 72 hours

45
Q

What type of HIV infection - acute or chronic?

Gradual loss of CD4+ T cells, leading to the loss of a functional immune system and the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

Chronic HIV infection

46
Q

What happens over many years without treatment for HIV?

A

Destruction of lymph nodes

47
Q

What type of HIV infection - acute or chronic?

B cells do not function as well

A

Chronic HIV infection

48
Q

T/F: If infected with HIV, everyone goes on to chronic infection

A

True

49
Q

HIV infection in the brain can continue, resulting in cognitive decline; the worst manifestation is ___________________ _______________

A

HIV-associated dementia (HAD)

50
Q

When is a person with HIV considered to have AIDS?

A

If CD4 count is below 200 cells/μl or an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection is diagnosed

51
Q

What happens when the CD4 count gets too low in those infected with HIV?

A

Opportunistic infections start

52
Q

Most opportunistic infections in HIV occur when the CD4 count is below 200 cells/μl, but some can happen at a higher CD4 T cell count, like…

A

Thrush
Oral hairy leukoplakia
Kaposi’s sarcoma

53
Q

People living with HIV can have more recurrent…

A

Oral herpes
Oral warts
Shingles
Molluscum contagiosum

54
Q

Without treatment, over _____% of people with HIV will develop AIDS and die from opportunistic infections, cancer, or complications of HIV infection

A

95

55
Q

What is the average time from HIV infection until development of AIDS (without treatment)?

A

8 years

56
Q

What is treatment for HIV called? (3 different names, all mean the same thing)

A

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

57
Q

There need to be drugs from _____ different classes of antiretrovirals when treating HIV

A

2

58
Q

What is the HIV treatment goal?

A

Reduce virus to undetectable levels

59
Q

People who don’t reach undetectable levels with HIV treatment have a higher risk of what?

A

Drug-resistant HIV

60
Q

T/F: It is less likely, even with years of treatment for HIV, that the CD4 counts will rebound to pre-infection levels

A

True

61
Q

The lower the CD4 cells are before HIV treatment starts, the less likely the _________ _________ architecture will return to normal

A

lymph node

62
Q

There could be more damage to the ________ due to ________ replication of the HIV virus

A

brain; active

63
Q

T/F: New studies show that most people living with HIV who have undetectable viral loads under treatment show no increase in cognitive decline over time

A

True

64
Q

When should you start HIV treatment?

A

ASAP

65
Q

What are the 5 benefits of starting HIV treatment early?

A
  1. Less lymph node destruction
  2. Less dysfunction in GALT
  3. Less thymus loss
  4. CD4 counts can reach uninfected levels
  5. Lower co-morbities

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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