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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 10 - Hepatitis Viruses (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 10 - Hepatitis Viruses (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

All infections with Hepatitis viruses A to E are __________ infections

A

systemic

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2
Q

T/F: The symptoms of acute viral hepatitis are different for all the viruses. You can easily tell which virus caused your symptoms without doing either serology or nucleic acid testing

A

FALSE, symptoms of acute viral hepatitis are SIMILAR for all the viruses. You CANNOT tell which virus caused your symptoms without doing either serology or nucleic acid testing

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3
Q

Describe Hep viruses A-E

A

A - acute
B - bloodborne
C - chronic
D - defective
E - enteric, expecting

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4
Q

What family is Hep A in?

A

Picornavirus

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5
Q

What is the primary route for Hep A?

A

Fecal-oral

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6
Q

Are all Hep A infections acute or chronic?

A

Acute

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7
Q

T/F: Once infected with Hep A, there is protection for life against reinfection

A

True

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8
Q

T/F: Washing hands is better than alcohol-based hand sanitizers

A

True

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9
Q

The Hep A virus is shed in feces _________ before symptoms and during symptoms

A

1-2 weeks

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10
Q

You are most likely to get _________ if infected with Hep A as an older child/adult

A

jaundice

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11
Q

What vaccine is available for Hep A?

A

Inactivated

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12
Q

What are the post-exposure prophylaxis recommendations for Hep A?

A
  1. Vaccine within 2 weeks
  2. Vaccine + IgG at distal sites if older, immunocompromised, or have liver damage
  3. IgG only if younger than 1 or allergic to vaccine
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13
Q

What family is Hep E virus in?

A

Hepevirus

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14
Q

What are the primary routes of Hep E infection?

A

Fecal-oral
Contaminated drinking water

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15
Q

What is a significant source of hepatitis outbreaks worldwide, but not in the US?

A

Hep E

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16
Q

Are all Hep E infections acute or chronic?

A

Acute

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17
Q

There is a high fatality rate in what type of people infected with Hep E?

A

Pregnant, especially in 3rd trimester

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18
Q

Is there a vaccine for Hep E?

A

No

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19
Q

What family is Hep C in?

A

Flavivirus

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20
Q

How is Hep C transmitted?

A

Blood

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21
Q

What is the primary spread of Hep C?

A

Shared needles
Sex
Vertical transmission (mother to baby)

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22
Q

What is the risk of Hep C infection from needlestick exposure?

A

0.2%

(used to be 3%)

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23
Q

Are Hep C infections acute or chronic?

A

Chronic

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24
Q

In Hep C infection, it takes several years to develop what?

A

Cirrhosis/liver disease

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25
Q

What is one of the top reasons for liver transplants?

A

Hep C

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26
Q

What cells cause liver damage in Hep C infections by killing infected cells?

A

CD8+ CTLs

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27
Q

Is there a vaccine for Hep C?

A

No

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28
Q

What should you do if you are infected with Hep C?

A

Start antivirals immediately

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29
Q

What do the Hep C antivirals target?

A
  1. Viral protease
  2. Viral polymerase
  3. Viral protein NSSA
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30
Q

What Hep C antiviral target stops replication after translation of +ssRNA because it can’t cleave the polyprotein?

A

Viral protease

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31
Q

What Hep C antiviral target stops the virus from replicating the viral genome?

A

Viral polymerase

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32
Q

What Hep C antiviral target stops genome replication and assembly?

A

Viral protein NSSA

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33
Q

Depending on the genotype of Hep C, the cure rate when treated with antivirals is over ___%, but a person can become re-infected if re-exposed

A

90

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34
Q

What family is Hep B virus in?

A

Hepadnavirus

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35
Q

What does Hep B replicate through?

A

An RNA intermediate

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36
Q

What does Hep B have?

A

Reverse transcriptase

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37
Q

How is Hep B and D transmitted?

A

Blood

38
Q

What is the primary spread of Hep B and D?

A

Needles
Sex
Pregnancy/delivery

39
Q

How long can Hep B last on a surface, even tho it is an enveloped virus?

A

7 days

40
Q

If a needle stick with a known Hep B virus positive source occurs, how many people will become infected if not protected by vaccine?

A

30%

41
Q

If infected with Hep B as an adult, there is a ___% chance that you will be chronically infected

A

5

42
Q

If infected with Hep B as infant through vertical transmission, there is a ____% chance of becoming chronically infected

A

90

43
Q

The presence of what means you are actively infected with Hep B and can infect other people?

A

HBsAg

44
Q

What is the Hep B surface antigen?

A

HBsAg

45
Q

The presence of what means you have a high level of Hep B virus in your blood and are very infectious?

A

HBeAg

46
Q

What is the Hep B e antigen?

A

HBeAg

47
Q

What vaccine is available for Hep B?

A

Subunit

48
Q

What does the Hep B subunit vaccine contain?

A

HBsAg

49
Q

What is the treatment for Hep B are an exposure?

A
  1. Vaccine + HBIG if unvaccinated, have low titers, or baby born to infected mother
  2. 2 shots of HBIG 1 month apart if vaccine non-responder
50
Q

What is the target of Hep B antivirals?

A

Reverse transcriptase

51
Q

What is the treatment for Hep B?

A

Antivirals

52
Q

T/F: Treatment for Hep B is rarely a cure and once started, usually goes on for life

A

True

53
Q

Hep B capsid or core antigen

A

HBcAg

54
Q

IgM antibody against Hep B core antigen

A

Anti-HBc IgM

55
Q

Indicates the total antibody to HBV core antigen, IgG, and IgM

A

Anti-HBc

56
Q

T/F: Anyone who has ever had an HBV infection will have Anti-HBc. This does not tell you if the person is currently infected or not. They could have cleared the infection or been chronically infected. You cannot tell just from the presence of this antibody

A

True

57
Q

HBV surface antigen

A

HBsAg

58
Q

An antibody to HBV surface antigen

A

Anti-HBs

59
Q

HBV E antigen. It is only present when a large amount of virus is present

A

HBeAg

(e = enormous amounts of virus)

60
Q

An antibody to the HBe antigen

A

Anti-HBe

61
Q

In acute Hep B infections, what antibody will be present?

A

HBcAg IgM

62
Q

When is the only time the IgM of the core antigen for Hep B will be present?

A

Acute infections

63
Q

Most of the time, in acute Hep B infections, enormous amounts of virus are present, so the ________ and _______ will also be present.

A

HBsAg and HBeAg

64
Q

During which time period is the body starting to clear the acute Hep B virus and on the way to resolved infection, and Anti-HBs are being made?

A

Window period

65
Q

Can anti-HBs and HBsAg be detected during the window period of acute Hep B infection?

A

NO, they are binding to eachother in the blood, so lab tests can’t detect them

66
Q

What can be detected during the window period of acute Hep B infection?

A

anti-HBc IgM

67
Q

If ________ is present for greater than 6 months, the person is said to have chronic Hep B

A

HBsAg

68
Q

What is always present once a person has been infected with Hep B (it stays for life)?

A

Anti-HBc

69
Q

What is present during chronic Hep B infection?

A

HBsAg
HBeAg
Anti-HBc

70
Q

What is present in inactive carriers of Hep B?

A

HBsAg
Anti-HBe
Anti-HBc

71
Q

What is present in resolved infections of Hep B?

A

Anti-HBs
Anti-HBe
Anti-HBc

72
Q

What is present in people immunized from Hep B?

A

Anti-HBs only

73
Q

If a person has HBsAg, they are _____________ infectious

A

potentially

74
Q

If a person has HBsAg and HBeAg, they are __________ infectious

A

very

75
Q

What family is Hep D in?

A

Deltavirus

76
Q

What must occur to produce infectious Hep D?

A

Must infect a cell already infected with Hep B

77
Q

Can Hep D productively infect a cell on its own?

A

NO

78
Q

What does Hep D use to coat its virus?

A

Uses Hep B’s surface antigen (HBsAg)

79
Q

Is there a vaccine for Hep D?

A

Yes, its the Hep B vaccine

80
Q

T/F: Chronic infection with both HDV and HBV is much worse than infection with HBV alone

A

True, higher levels of cirrhosis and liver failure occur

81
Q

What can improve symptoms of Hep D?

A

Type I interferon

82
Q

Is Type I interferon a durable cure for most people with Hep D infections?

A

No

83
Q

What 2 Hep virus infections can occur at the same time? What is this called?

A

Hep B and Hep D; co-infection

84
Q

What are the 2 ways to get infected with Hep D?

A

Co-infection
Superinfection

85
Q

In co-infection, what % of people develop chronic infection with Hep B and Hep D?

A

2%

86
Q

Which post-exposure prophylaxis is used for co-infection of Hep B and Hep D?

A

Hep B post-exposure prophylaxis

87
Q

What is it called when you are already infected with Hep B, and then you get infected with Hep D?

A

Superinfection

88
Q

What do you develop if you have superinfection of Hep B and Hep D?

A

Acute hepatitis

89
Q

In superinfection, what % of people develop chronic infection with Hep D?

A

80-90%

90
Q

Which post-exposure prophylaxis is used for superinfection of Hep B and Hep D?

A

NONE, since you are already infected with Hep B

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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