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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 11 - DNA viruses (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 11 - DNA viruses (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

How do papillomaviruses replicate?

A

By entering the cell cycle

(they don’t have viral DNA polymerase!)

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2
Q

T/F: A small number of papillomavirus serotypes exist

A

FALSE, a LARGE number of papillomavirus serotypes exist

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3
Q

What are the 2 main types of HPV?

A

Mucosal
Cutaneous

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4
Q

Is HPV a localized or generalized/systemic infection?

A

Localized

(only on skin or mucosal surface)

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5
Q

Does HPV have a viremic stage?

A

NO

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6
Q

What does cutaneous HPV form on the skin that can persist and spread?

A

Benign warts

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7
Q

Can benign warts from cutaneous HPV be cleared without treatment?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Where can cutaneous warts spread through autoinoculation?

A

To oral or genital mucosa

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9
Q

What is the most common STD in the US?

A

Anogenital warts

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10
Q

What are the most common types of mucosal HPV? Are they low or high risk?

A

HPV 6 and 11 - low risk
HPV 16 and 18 - high risk

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11
Q

What are HPV 6 and 11 associated with?

A

90% of genital warts

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12
Q

What are HPV 16 and 18 associated with?

A

70% of anogenital cancers
Most cervical cancers

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13
Q

What else can HPV 6 and 11 cause?

A

Recurrent respiratory papillomatitis

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14
Q

How do children acquire oral HPV?

A

At birth from mother

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15
Q

How do adults acquire oral HPV?

A

Oral sex

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16
Q

Where can mucosal HPV warts be found? What is required if this occurs?

A

Larynx - requires surgical removal

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17
Q

What is needed so the HPV virus can infect the basal cell layer?

A

Break in the skin/mucosa

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18
Q

In HPV, the basal cell will then replicate to repair the wound, and the virus will establish several copies of itself in an _________ form

A

episomal

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19
Q

As the HPV virus containing cell moves through the different epithelial layers, what will it express?

A

Different viral proteins

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20
Q

In the upper epithelial layers, the HPV virus will prod the terminally differentiated cell to replicate so it can make thousands of copies of ________ ______ and lots of ____________ ____________.

It does this by the viral _____ protein binding and inactivating the cellular Rb protein, which causes the cell to go into the cell cycle

A

viral DNA; capsid protein; E7

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21
Q

What is HPV cancer caused by?

A

Dysregulation of E6 and E7 genes of HPV

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22
Q

How do E6 and E7 genes of HPV become dysregulated?

A

By integrating viral DNA episome into basal cells’ DNA

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23
Q

Is genome integration a normal part of HPV’s replication?

A

NO

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24
Q

What does the integration of viral HPV episome turn off? What does this lead to?

A

Turns off a viral protein that controls E6 and E7 levels -> leads to high levels of E6 and E7 in basal cells

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25
Q

In the oncogenic forms of HPV, which protein will bind and degrade the Rb protein causing the cell to go into the cell cycle?

A

E7

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26
Q

In oncogenic forms of HPV, which protein will cause the degradation of p53, allowing the cell to continue to cycle and accumulate mutations?

A

E6

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27
Q

In most cases, HPV infections spontaneously ___________ (meaning they are cleared by the immune system).

A

regress

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28
Q

When do problems with HPV infection occur?

A

If the infection is persistent and the patient is high risk

(can result in cancer)

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29
Q

T/F: Once the immune system is activated, most people are protected from reinfection from that strain of HPV. Some people might have cross-protection between different strains of HPV.

A

True

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30
Q

Is it possible to be infected with more than one strain of HPV, either simultaneously or sequentially?

A

Yes!

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31
Q

HPV is known to contribute to 6 different cancers. Name them

A

Cervical
Anal
Vulvar
Vaginal
Penile
Oropharyngeal

32
Q

There are now more HPV __________ cancers per year than cervical cancers

A

oropharyngeal

33
Q

Which stain of HPV causes almost all oropharyngeal cancers?

A

HPV 16

34
Q

What can increase risk of cancer from HPV infection?

A

Smoking and drinking

35
Q

As the number of people smoking reduced, oropharyngeal cancers ___________

A

decreased

36
Q

_________ cancer cases have been on the rise, with more being caused by HPV in younger _______________

A

Oral; non-smokers

37
Q

What type of vaccine is the HPV vaccine?

A

Subunit

38
Q

What does the subunit vaccine for HPV have in it?

A

One coat protein of HPV

39
Q

It is recommended that girls and boys ages ________ get vaccinated with _____ doses of the HPV vaccine

A

9-14; 2

40
Q

How many doses of the HPV vaccine must be done after age 14?

A

3

41
Q

What age group seems to have the most durable response to the HPV vaccine?

A

9-14

42
Q

Describe the polyomavirus

A

dsDNA
Circular
Naked
Icosahedral

43
Q

Do polyomaviruses have a viral DNA polymerase?

A

NO

44
Q

What is needed for polyomaviruses to replicate their viral DNA?

A

Cell must divide

45
Q

T/F: JC only causes problems in the immunocompromised

A

True

46
Q

Name the 4 types of patients JC causes problems in

A

AIDS
Transplant recipients
People taking immunosuppressive drugs
Hematologic malignancies

47
Q

What is JC caused by?

A

Polyomavirus

48
Q

T/F: All of polyomaviruses are very common; most people have been exposed or are latent/chronically infected

A

True

49
Q

A large majority of people have been infected with the JC virus by adulthood. Many people are latently infected and sporadically shed virus in their __________

A

urine

50
Q

The problems with JC arise when the virus mutates and becomes _________, and the person is immunosuppressed

A

neurotropic

51
Q

What cells does the mutant JC virus infect and kill, causing CNS demyelination and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)

A

Oligodendrocytes

52
Q

Before ART, ______ occurred in people living with AIDS. However, it can still occur in people with AIDS and other immunosuppressed people.

A

PML

53
Q

What is the treatment for JC virus induced PML?

A

Stop the immunosuppressive agent
Start HIV therapy to make immune system more active

54
Q

T/F: There is not lasting damage from PML

A

FALSE, there is lasting damage from PML

55
Q

Describe parvovirus

A

ssDNA
Linear
Naked
Icosahedral

56
Q

Does parvovirus have DNA polymerase?

A

NO

57
Q

Can parvovirus stimulate the cell to grow, like polyomavirus or papillomavirus?

A

NO

58
Q

How does parvovirus replicate?

A

Infects actively dividing cells

59
Q

What does parvovirus B19 cause?

A

Erythema infectiosum-fifth disease

60
Q

Is Erythema infectiosum-fifth disease a localized or generalized infection?

A

Generalized

61
Q

The “slapped cheek rash” characterizes which infections?

A

B19

62
Q

In B19 infections, the _______ develops because of the immune response and the person is no longer contagious

A

rash

63
Q

The B19 parvovirus needs to infect actively dividing cells and preferentially infects ________
precursor cells, killing those cells.

What does this cause?

A

erythroid; causes transient anemia

64
Q

For people who already have an increase in RBC turnover due to hemoglobin disorders like sickle cell or chemotherapy, what can a B19 infection cause?

A

Transient aplastic crisis -> causing severe drop in RBCs

65
Q

If infected with parvovirus B19 in the 1st trimester, what is there a chance of?

A

Miscarriage

66
Q

If infected with parvovirus B19 anytime during pregnancy, what is there a chance of causing?

A

Hydrops fetalis

67
Q

Describe poxvirus

A

dsDNA
Linear
Enveloped

68
Q

Where do poxviruses replicate?

A

Cytoplasm

69
Q

What do poxviruses bring into the cell so it can make mRNA and not have to enter the nucleus?

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

70
Q

Name the poxviruses

A

Molluscum virus
Orthopoxviruses (variola, cowpox, mpox, vaccinia)

71
Q

What virus causes raised lesions of the skin that appear smooth with a dimple in the middle and are actively secreting the virus?

A

Molluscum virus

72
Q

Is molluscum contagiosum a local or generalized infection?

A

Local

73
Q

How is molluscum contagiosum spread?

A

Close contact
Autoinoculation

74
Q

T/F: The molluscum contagiosum infection usually disappears without intervention by 2 to 12 months without scarring and affects children more than adults

A

True

75
Q

Orthopoxviruses (Variola, Cowpox, Mpox, Vaccinia)

A

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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