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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 11 - Paramyxovirus and Rubella (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 11 - Paramyxovirus and Rubella (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

How are paramyxoviruses spread?

A

Respiratory secretions
Person-to-person
Fomites
Hands

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2
Q

Are paramyxoviruses contagious or non-contagious?

A

Contagious

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3
Q

The cell infected with paramyxovirus can fuse membranes of neighboring cells to form a large multinucleated cell called a ___________

A

syncytium

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4
Q

What is a common feature of paramyxoviruses?

A

Synctia

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5
Q

Viruses that can use syncytium to spread cell to cell can more easily escape what?

A

Neutralizing ABs

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6
Q

What does RSV stand for

A

Respiratory syncytial virus

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7
Q

When is seasonality for RSV?

A

Winter/spring (November to April)

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8
Q

How is RSV spread person-to-person?

A

Respiratory droplets

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9
Q

Is RSV local or systemic?

A

Local

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10
Q

Does RSV have a viremic stage?

A

NO

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11
Q

Does RSV start as an upper or lower respiratory tract infection?

A

Upper

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12
Q

If RSV spreads to the middle and lower respiratory tract, what can occur?

A

More severe disease like bronchiolitis or pneumonia

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13
Q

RSV is restricted to _________ cells and spreads through the respiratory tract mostly by cell-to-cell spread or aspiration of upper respiratory tract secretions

A

epithelial

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14
Q

What is the #1 cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children <1 year old and <5 years old?

A

RSV

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15
Q

What is the primary cause of bronchiolitis in children <1 year old?

A

RSV

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16
Q

Why is there a high risk of severe complications in premature infants infected with RSV?

A

They have less developed lungs and not as many maternal ABs

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17
Q

People older than ______ also have a very high burden of RSV infections

A

65

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18
Q

T/F: Immunity to RSV is long-lasting, and it is not possible to get reinfected with the same strain

A

FALSE, immunity is NOT long-lasting, and it is definitely possible to get reinfected with the same strain

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19
Q

RSV infections happen at all ages but are worse in ___________ and the ___________

A

infants; elderly

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20
Q

__________ and ________ usually have mild upper respiratory tract infections with RSV, probably due to partial immunity; they still get sick, just not as bad, or are asymptomatic

A

Older children; adults

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21
Q

he elderly, however, have a high risk of ___________ with RSV because of waning immunity and underlying comorbidities. This can lead to increased severity of the infection

A

pneumonia

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22
Q

Is there a vaccine for RSV?

A

Yes, for people over 60 and pregnant people

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23
Q

What is the preventative treatment for RSV?

A

Nirsevimad

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24
Q

What is nirsevimad?

A

Monoclonal AB to the surface protein of RSV

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25
Q

Which patients is nirsevimad recommended for?

A

Infants under 8 months entering 1st RSV season
Certain high-risk children in 2nd RSV season

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26
Q

What is human metapneumovirus?

A

A paramyxovirus similar to RSV

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27
Q

What type of virus is parainfluenza?

A

Paramyxovirus

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28
Q

How is parainfluenza spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

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29
Q

Is parainfluenza local or systemic?

A

Local

30
Q

What is the primary cause of croup?

A

Parainfluenza

31
Q

Inflammation of the larynx and trachea

A

Croup

32
Q

What does parainfluenza cause in young children?

A

Severe LRT infection

33
Q

T/F: Once infected with parainfluenza, you have partial immunity to reinfection. You can still get reinfected, but generally milder and stays in the URT or is an asymptomatic infection

A

True

34
Q

Is mumps local or systemic?

A

Systemic

35
Q

Does mumps have a viremic stage?

A

YES, it is a systemic infection

36
Q

How does mumps spread?

A

Saliva

37
Q

What is the major defining characteristic of mumps?

A

Parotitis

38
Q

What other type of swelling can occur with mumps?

A

Orchitis (testicular swelling)

39
Q

T/F: Testicular swelling rarely leads to sterility but can lead to lower fertility

A

True

40
Q

Pre-vaccine mumps was a major cause of what 2 diseases?

A

Encephalitis and meningitis

41
Q

What can mumps also cause that can be either permanent or temporary?

A

Unilateral hearing loss

42
Q

What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?

A

Attenuated

43
Q

T/F: If someone who is vaccinated contracts mumps, there are fewer complications

A

True

44
Q

Is measles local or systemic?

A

Systemic

45
Q

Does measles have a viremic stage?

A

YES, it is a systemic infection

46
Q

How long do measles aerosols stay in the air?

A

2 hours

47
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Respiratory route

48
Q

T/F: Most people infected with measles are asymptomatic

A

FALSE, most are symptomatic

49
Q

_____% of susceptible people in contact with someone who has measles will become infected

A

90%

50
Q

What are the three C’s of measles with high fever?

A

Cough
Coryza
Conjunctivitis

51
Q

People infected are infectious (before/after) the measles rash appears

A

before

52
Q

What are pathognomonic of measles?

A

Koplik spots

53
Q

When do Koplik spots appear?

A

1-2 days before measles rash

54
Q

Where are Koplik spots found?

A

Buccal mucosa, often opposite 2nd molars

55
Q

How are Koplik spots described as?

A

Grains of sand/salt
Surrounded by red halo
Bluish cast

56
Q

What is the measles rash caused by?

A

CTLs killing measles-infected cells

57
Q

T/F: The measles rash may not be present in immunocompromised people

A

True

58
Q

There is a high rate of ____________ with measles and a very high death rate in the ______________

A

hospitalization; immunocompromised

59
Q

T/F: Many hospitalized measles patients have pneumonia, and most deaths are from pneumonia

A

True

60
Q

What disease can occur many years after measles infection?

A

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

61
Q

What does Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) lead to?

A

Coma and death

62
Q

What is the post-exposure prophylaxis for measles?

A
  1. Vaccine if given up to 72 hours after exposure
  2. IGs to prevent disease if given up to 6 days after exposure
63
Q

What family is rubella in?

A

Togavirus

64
Q

What does rubella cause?

A

German measles/3 day measles

65
Q

How is rubella spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

66
Q

Is rubella local or systemic?

A

Systemic

67
Q

T/F: Many rubella infections are asymptomatic

A

True

68
Q

When is a person infected with rubella infectious?

A

Week before rash to week after rash

69
Q

Rubella has many of the same symptoms of Measles, but milder and post-auricular
lymphadenopathy occur before the rash. The rash lasts only ____ days and again is milder
than the measles rash

A

3

70
Q

Some people who have rubella have what on the soft pallet?

A

Forchheimer spots (petechiae)

71
Q

Are Forchheimer spots (petechiae) pathognomonic of rubella?

A

NO, there are other diseases that cause Forchheimer spots (petechiae)

72
Q

What does rubella cause if infected during the 1st trimester of pregnancy up to week 20?

A

Congenital rubella syndrome

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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