Microbio Week 11 - Paramyxovirus and Rubella (Exam 3) Flashcards
How are paramyxoviruses spread?
Respiratory secretions
Person-to-person
Fomites
Hands
Are paramyxoviruses contagious or non-contagious?
Contagious
The cell infected with paramyxovirus can fuse membranes of neighboring cells to form a large multinucleated cell called a ___________
syncytium
What is a common feature of paramyxoviruses?
Synctia
Viruses that can use syncytium to spread cell to cell can more easily escape what?
Neutralizing ABs
What does RSV stand for
Respiratory syncytial virus
When is seasonality for RSV?
Winter/spring (November to April)
How is RSV spread person-to-person?
Respiratory droplets
Is RSV local or systemic?
Local
Does RSV have a viremic stage?
NO
Does RSV start as an upper or lower respiratory tract infection?
Upper
If RSV spreads to the middle and lower respiratory tract, what can occur?
More severe disease like bronchiolitis or pneumonia
RSV is restricted to _________ cells and spreads through the respiratory tract mostly by cell-to-cell spread or aspiration of upper respiratory tract secretions
epithelial
What is the #1 cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children <1 year old and <5 years old?
RSV
What is the primary cause of bronchiolitis in children <1 year old?
RSV
Why is there a high risk of severe complications in premature infants infected with RSV?
They have less developed lungs and not as many maternal ABs
People older than ______ also have a very high burden of RSV infections
65
T/F: Immunity to RSV is long-lasting, and it is not possible to get reinfected with the same strain
FALSE, immunity is NOT long-lasting, and it is definitely possible to get reinfected with the same strain
RSV infections happen at all ages but are worse in ___________ and the ___________
infants; elderly
__________ and ________ usually have mild upper respiratory tract infections with RSV, probably due to partial immunity; they still get sick, just not as bad, or are asymptomatic
Older children; adults
he elderly, however, have a high risk of ___________ with RSV because of waning immunity and underlying comorbidities. This can lead to increased severity of the infection
pneumonia
Is there a vaccine for RSV?
Yes, for people over 60 and pregnant people
What is the preventative treatment for RSV?
Nirsevimad
What is nirsevimad?
Monoclonal AB to the surface protein of RSV
Which patients is nirsevimad recommended for?
Infants under 8 months entering 1st RSV season
Certain high-risk children in 2nd RSV season
What is human metapneumovirus?
A paramyxovirus similar to RSV
What type of virus is parainfluenza?
Paramyxovirus
How is parainfluenza spread?
Respiratory droplets
Is parainfluenza local or systemic?
Local
What is the primary cause of croup?
Parainfluenza
Inflammation of the larynx and trachea
Croup
What does parainfluenza cause in young children?
Severe LRT infection
T/F: Once infected with parainfluenza, you have partial immunity to reinfection. You can still get reinfected, but generally milder and stays in the URT or is an asymptomatic infection
True
Is mumps local or systemic?
Systemic
Does mumps have a viremic stage?
YES, it is a systemic infection
How does mumps spread?
Saliva
What is the major defining characteristic of mumps?
Parotitis
What other type of swelling can occur with mumps?
Orchitis (testicular swelling)
T/F: Testicular swelling rarely leads to sterility but can lead to lower fertility
True
Pre-vaccine mumps was a major cause of what 2 diseases?
Encephalitis and meningitis
What can mumps also cause that can be either permanent or temporary?
Unilateral hearing loss
What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?
Attenuated
T/F: If someone who is vaccinated contracts mumps, there are fewer complications
True
Is measles local or systemic?
Systemic
Does measles have a viremic stage?
YES, it is a systemic infection
How long do measles aerosols stay in the air?
2 hours
How is measles spread?
Respiratory route
T/F: Most people infected with measles are asymptomatic
FALSE, most are symptomatic
_____% of susceptible people in contact with someone who has measles will become infected
90%
What are the three C’s of measles with high fever?
Cough
Coryza
Conjunctivitis
People infected are infectious (before/after) the measles rash appears
before
What are pathognomonic of measles?
Koplik spots
When do Koplik spots appear?
1-2 days before measles rash
Where are Koplik spots found?
Buccal mucosa, often opposite 2nd molars
How are Koplik spots described as?
Grains of sand/salt
Surrounded by red halo
Bluish cast
What is the measles rash caused by?
CTLs killing measles-infected cells
T/F: The measles rash may not be present in immunocompromised people
True
There is a high rate of ____________ with measles and a very high death rate in the ______________
hospitalization; immunocompromised
T/F: Many hospitalized measles patients have pneumonia, and most deaths are from pneumonia
True
What disease can occur many years after measles infection?
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
What does Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) lead to?
Coma and death
What is the post-exposure prophylaxis for measles?
- Vaccine if given up to 72 hours after exposure
- IGs to prevent disease if given up to 6 days after exposure
What family is rubella in?
Togavirus
What does rubella cause?
German measles/3 day measles
How is rubella spread?
Respiratory droplets
Is rubella local or systemic?
Systemic
T/F: Many rubella infections are asymptomatic
True
When is a person infected with rubella infectious?
Week before rash to week after rash
Rubella has many of the same symptoms of Measles, but milder and post-auricular
lymphadenopathy occur before the rash. The rash lasts only ____ days and again is milder
than the measles rash
3
Some people who have rubella have what on the soft pallet?
Forchheimer spots (petechiae)
Are Forchheimer spots (petechiae) pathognomonic of rubella?
NO, there are other diseases that cause Forchheimer spots (petechiae)
What does rubella cause if infected during the 1st trimester of pregnancy up to week 20?
Congenital rubella syndrome
