Microbio Week 11 - Paramyxovirus and Rubella (Exam 3)

Question 1

How are paramyxoviruses spread?

Answer 1

Respiratory secretions
Person-to-person
Fomites
Hands

Question 2

Are paramyxoviruses contagious or non-contagious?

Answer 2

Contagious

Question 3

The cell infected with paramyxovirus can fuse membranes of neighboring cells to form a large multinucleated cell called a ___________

Answer 3

syncytium

Question 4

What is a common feature of paramyxoviruses?

Answer 4

Synctia

Question 5

Viruses that can use syncytium to spread cell to cell can more easily escape what?

Answer 5

Neutralizing ABs

Question 6

What does RSV stand for

Answer 6

Respiratory syncytial virus

Question 7

When is seasonality for RSV?

Answer 7

Winter/spring (November to April)

Question 8

How is RSV spread person-to-person?

Answer 8

Respiratory droplets

Question 9

Is RSV local or systemic?

Answer 9

Local

Question 10

Does RSV have a viremic stage?

Answer 10

NO

Question 11

Does RSV start as an upper or lower respiratory tract infection?

Answer 11

Upper

Question 12

If RSV spreads to the middle and lower respiratory tract, what can occur?

Answer 12

More severe disease like bronchiolitis or pneumonia

Question 13

RSV is restricted to _________ cells and spreads through the respiratory tract mostly by cell-to-cell spread or aspiration of upper respiratory tract secretions

Answer 13

epithelial

Question 14

What is the #1 cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children <1 year old and <5 years old?

Answer 14

RSV

Question 15

What is the primary cause of bronchiolitis in children <1 year old?

Answer 15

RSV

Question 16

Why is there a high risk of severe complications in premature infants infected with RSV?

Answer 16

They have less developed lungs and not as many maternal ABs

Question 17

People older than ______ also have a very high burden of RSV infections

Answer 17

65

Question 18

T/F: Immunity to RSV is long-lasting, and it is not possible to get reinfected with the same strain

Answer 18

FALSE, immunity is NOT long-lasting, and it is definitely possible to get reinfected with the same strain

Question 19

RSV infections happen at all ages but are worse in ___________ and the ___________

Answer 19

infants; elderly

Question 20

__________ and ________ usually have mild upper respiratory tract infections with RSV, probably due to partial immunity; they still get sick, just not as bad, or are asymptomatic

Answer 20

Older children; adults

Question 21

he elderly, however, have a high risk of ___________ with RSV because of waning immunity and underlying comorbidities. This can lead to increased severity of the infection

Answer 21

pneumonia

Question 22

Is there a vaccine for RSV?

Answer 22

Yes, for people over 60 and pregnant people

Question 23

What is the preventative treatment for RSV?

Answer 23

Nirsevimad

Question 24

What is nirsevimad?

Answer 24

Monoclonal AB to the surface protein of RSV

Question 25

Which patients is nirsevimad recommended for?

Answer 25

Infants under 8 months entering 1st RSV season Certain high-risk children in 2nd RSV season

Question 26

What is human metapneumovirus?

Answer 26

A paramyxovirus similar to RSV

Question 27

What type of virus is parainfluenza?

Answer 27

Paramyxovirus

Question 28

How is parainfluenza spread?

Answer 28

Respiratory droplets

Question 29

Is parainfluenza local or systemic?

Answer 29

Local

Question 30

What is the primary cause of croup?

Answer 30

Parainfluenza

Question 31

Inflammation of the larynx and trachea

Answer 31

Croup

Question 32

What does parainfluenza cause in young children?

Answer 32

Severe LRT infection

Question 33

T/F: Once infected with parainfluenza, you have partial immunity to reinfection. You can still get reinfected, but generally milder and stays in the URT or is an asymptomatic infection

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Is mumps local or systemic?

Answer 34

Systemic

Question 35

Does mumps have a viremic stage?

Answer 35

YES, it is a systemic infection

Question 36

How does mumps spread?

Answer 36

Saliva

Question 37

What is the major defining characteristic of mumps?

Answer 37

Parotitis

Question 38

What other type of swelling can occur with mumps?

Answer 38

Orchitis (testicular swelling)

Question 39

T/F: Testicular swelling rarely leads to sterility but can lead to lower fertility

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Pre-vaccine mumps was a major cause of what 2 diseases?

Answer 40

Encephalitis and meningitis

Question 41

What can mumps also cause that can be either permanent or temporary?

Answer 41

Unilateral hearing loss

Question 42

What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?

Answer 42

Attenuated

Question 43

T/F: If someone who is vaccinated contracts mumps, there are fewer complications

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Is measles local or systemic?

Answer 44

Systemic

Question 45

Does measles have a viremic stage?

Answer 45

YES, it is a systemic infection

Question 46

How long do measles aerosols stay in the air?

Answer 46

2 hours

Question 47

How is measles spread?

Answer 47

Respiratory route

Question 48

T/F: Most people infected with measles are asymptomatic

Answer 48

FALSE, most are symptomatic

Question 49

_____% of susceptible people in contact with someone who has measles will become infected

Answer 49

90%

Question 50

What are the three C's of measles with high fever?

Answer 50

Cough Coryza Conjunctivitis

Question 51

People infected are infectious (before/after) the measles rash appears

Answer 51

before

Question 52

What are pathognomonic of measles?

Answer 52

Koplik spots

Question 53

When do Koplik spots appear?

Answer 53

1-2 days before measles rash

Question 54

Where are Koplik spots found?

Answer 54

Buccal mucosa, often opposite 2nd molars

Question 55

How are Koplik spots described as?

Answer 55

Grains of sand/salt Surrounded by red halo Bluish cast

Question 56

What is the measles rash caused by?

Answer 56

CTLs killing measles-infected cells

Question 57

T/F: The measles rash may not be present in immunocompromised people

Answer 57

True

Question 58

There is a high rate of ____________ with measles and a very high death rate in the ______________

Answer 58

hospitalization; immunocompromised

Question 59

T/F: Many hospitalized measles patients have pneumonia, and most deaths are from pneumonia

Answer 59

True

Question 60

What disease can occur many years after measles infection?

Answer 60

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

Question 61

What does Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) lead to?

Answer 61

Coma and death

Question 62

What is the post-exposure prophylaxis for measles?

Answer 62

1. Vaccine if given up to 72 hours after exposure 2. IGs to prevent disease if given up to 6 days after exposure

Question 63

What family is rubella in?

Answer 63

Togavirus

Question 64

What does rubella cause?

Answer 64

German measles/3 day measles

Question 65

How is rubella spread?

Answer 65

Respiratory droplets

Question 66

Is rubella local or systemic?

Answer 66

Systemic

Question 67

T/F: Many rubella infections are asymptomatic

Answer 67

True

Question 68

When is a person infected with rubella infectious?

Answer 68

Week before rash to week after rash

Question 69

Rubella has many of the same symptoms of Measles, but milder and post-auricular lymphadenopathy occur before the rash. The rash lasts only ____ days and again is milder than the measles rash

Answer 69

3

Question 70

Some people who have rubella have what on the soft pallet?

Answer 70

Forchheimer spots (petechiae)

Question 71

Are Forchheimer spots (petechiae) pathognomonic of rubella?

Answer 71

NO, there are other diseases that cause Forchheimer spots (petechiae)

Question 72

What does rubella cause if infected during the 1st trimester of pregnancy up to week 20?

Answer 72

Congenital rubella syndrome