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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 5 Part 1 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 5 Part 1 (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Receptors of adaptive immunity are ________

A

clonal

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2
Q

What do T cells express?

A

T cell receptors

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3
Q

What do T cell receptors recognize?

A

Peptides displayed by MHC molecules

(processed antigen is recognized)

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4
Q

Membrane-bound heterodimeric protein composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. Has a variable region and a constant region

A

T cell receptor

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5
Q

MHC class I has variable domains of which chain(s) for the T cell receptor to bind to?

A

Alpha chains

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6
Q

MHC class II has variable domains of which chain(s) for the T cell receptor to bind to?

A

Alpha and beta chains

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7
Q

What part of gene segments accounts for the diversity in T cell receptors?

A

Somatic recombination

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8
Q

Describe recombination of T cell receptor gene segments and recombination of immunoglobulin genes

A

Both are random selection of segments

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9
Q

What is recombination of T cell receptor gene segments mediated by?

A

Lymphocyte-specific VDJ recombinase that brings 2 segments close together

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10
Q

What is the 1st step of recombination of T cell receptor gene segments?

A

Recombination of D and J segments

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11
Q

What is the 2nd step of recombination of T cell receptor gene segments?

A

Recombination of V segment w/ fused D-J element

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12
Q

What is the 3rd step of recombination of T cell receptor gene segments?

A

Recombination of C segment w/ fused V-D-J element

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13
Q

T/F: There is not a lot of T cell receptor diversity

A

FALSE; there is TREMENDOUS diversity

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14
Q

How do T cells mature and get selected?

A

+ and - selection based on functional antigen receptors

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15
Q

What does a double negative T cell mean?

A

+ selection for ability to recognize antigen

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16
Q

What does a double positive CD4+ CD8+ T cell mean?

A

negative (-) selection

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17
Q

What does a single positive CD4+ or CD8+ T cell mean?

A

+ selection based on MHC reactivity

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18
Q

Where are T cells produced? Where do they mature?

A

Produced = bone marrow
Matured= thymus

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19
Q

Pre-T cells express one chain of antigen receptor (TCRbeta). What is it called?

A

Pre-TCR

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20
Q

What does pre-TCR promote?

A

Cell survival

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21
Q

What do immature T cells express? (2)

A
  1. Complete TCR that promotes cell survival
  2. CD4 and CD8
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22
Q

T cells that do not express __________ __________ will die

A

functional receptors

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23
Q

What type of recognition of MHC+peptide leads to selection? What type of T cells will be selected?

A

Weak recognition

Selected T cells = single +

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24
Q

What type of recognition of MHC+peptide leads to death?

A

Strong recognition
No recognition

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25
Q

Strong recognition leads to …

A

negative (-) selection, death

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26
Q

Weak recognition leads to …

A

+ selection, periphery

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27
Q

No recognition leads to …

A

Neglect, death

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28
Q

What allows T cells to be selected and migrate to the periphery?

A

Appropriate amount of antigen recognition in the thymus

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29
Q

What leads to clonal expansion? (in other words, how are T cells activated?)

A

Antigen recognition
Costimulation

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30
Q

Where do naive T cells circulate in search of their antigens?

A

From lymph node to lymph node

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31
Q

What signals are provided by Thelper cells to help macrophages and B cells?

A

CD40L
IFNgamma

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32
Q

What is the difference between naive and effector T cells in a situation in which there is an infection?

A

Effector T cells contract following clearance of pathogens

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33
Q

What is necessary for thymocytes to survive and mature in the thymus?

A

Expression of preTCR and TCR

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34
Q

What is the function of Th17 cells in response to infection?

A

Recruit neutrophils to the mucosa for clearance of extracellular microbes

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35
Q

How do activated cytotoxic T cells (CTL) kill cells infected with an intracellular microbe? What activates them?

A

Activated by dendritic cells

Receive help from Thelper cells to produce perforin and granzyme which lyse infected cell

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36
Q

Cytokines produced by dendritic cells and other innate cells determine the fate of naive T cells and the cytokine they will produce. What cytokines accurately induce Th cell differentiation?

IFNgamma induces Th2
IL-12 induces Th17
IL-6 induces Th1
IL-5 induce Th17
IL-4 induces Th2

A

IL-4 induces Th2

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37
Q

CD28 ligand and cell

A

B7-APC

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38
Q

CD40L ligand and cell

A

CD40-APC

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39
Q

MHC-I ligand and cell

A

TCR-CD8

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40
Q

MHC-II ligand and cell

A

TCR-CD4

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41
Q

IL-2 ligand and cell

A

IL-2R-T cells

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42
Q

What happens to T cells after they migrate to antigen sites in tissues?

A

Reactivated
Carry their function

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43
Q

During costimulation of T cell activation, antigen recognition (signal 1) alone induces what?

A

Unresponsiveness

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44
Q

During costimulation of T cell activation, engagement of B7 on APC by CD28 on T cells provides signal 2 and induces what?

A

Proliferation

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45
Q

What are inhibitory receptors in T cells critical for?

A

Limiting/terminating immune responses

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46
Q

Concomitant activation of CD4 T cells provides help to CD8 T cells via …

A

IL-2 production

(proliferation, differentiation)

47
Q

Clonal expansion means

48
Q

Contraction (homeostasis) means

49
Q

Antigen-specific T cell clones ____________ in response to antigens. This provides a large pool of effector cells to fight the infection

50
Q

When there’s an infection, which cells exhibit greater clonal expansion, CD8 or CD4 T cells?

A

CD8 T cells

51
Q

Naive T cells ____________ and ______________

A

proliferate; differentiate

52
Q

What type of T cells can proliferate and differentiate?

A

Naive T cells

53
Q

Most effector T cells leave the lymph node, except for which ones?

A

T follicular helper cells (Tfh)

54
Q

What is the function of T follicular helper cells (Tfh)?

A

Help B cells

55
Q

What is the effector function of CD4 helper T cells (what do they activate)?

A

Activate phagocytes
Activate B cells to produce Ig

56
Q

How do CD4 helper T cells activate phagocytes?

A

CD40-CD40L
IFNgamma production

57
Q

How do CD4 helper T cells activate B cells to produce Ig?

A

CD40-CD40L
Cytokine production

58
Q

What allows for T cell movement/migration?

A

Adhesion molecules + chemokine receptor

59
Q

What are the 2 types of cell-mediate immunity?

A

CD4 helper T cells
CD8 cytotoxic T cells

60
Q

What do CD4 helper T cells produce?

A

Cytokines that activate & recruit other cells

61
Q

What do CD8 cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Kill infected cells

62
Q

T/F: Recognition of antigens by T cell receptors is very specific

63
Q

T cell clones express T cell receptors that can only recognize _____ peptide/MHC complex

64
Q

Only _____ peptide/MHC complex can fit into a T cell receptor

65
Q

T/F: Presentation of antigen to T cells by APC is very diverse

66
Q

Several peptides can be presented by different MHC I and MHC II molecules on the surface of the same _________ _______

A

dendritic cell

67
Q

What do T cells patrol in search of antigens with the perfect fit?

A

Lymph nodes

68
Q

What cytokine does Th1 make?

69
Q

What does Th1 target?

A

Macrophages

70
Q

What does Th1 defend against?

A

Intracellular pathogens

71
Q

What is the role of Th1 in disease?

A

Autoimmunity
Chronic inflammation

72
Q

What cytokine does Th2 make?

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13

73
Q

What does Th2 target?

A

Eosinophils

74
Q

What does Th2 defend against?

A

Parasites (helminths)

75
Q

What is the role of Th2 in disease?

76
Q

What cytokine does Th17 make?

A

IL-17
IL-22

77
Q

What does Th17 target?

A

Neutrophils

78
Q

What does Th17 defend against?

A

Extracellular pathogens

79
Q

What is the role of Th17 in disease?

A

Autoimmunity

80
Q

What are 3 CD4 helpter T cell subsets?

A

Th1
Th2
Th17

81
Q

What are different cytokines produced by?

A

Dendritic cells

(or other innate cells that have recognized different types of microbes)

82
Q

What do cytokines determine the fate of?

A

Naive T cells

83
Q

Activation of macrophages by Th1 cells involves what? (2)

A

CD40L-CD40
IFNgamma-IFNgammaR

84
Q

IL-4 induces what?

A

B cells to produce IgE

85
Q

IL-5 induces what?

A

Eosinophil activation

86
Q

What is classically activated macrophage (M1) responsible for?

A

Killing and inflammation

87
Q

What is alternatively activated macrophage (M2) responsible for?

A

Tissue repair
Inhibit inflammation

88
Q

IL-17 and IL-22 induce what?

A

Antimicrobial peptide production by epithelial cells

89
Q

What does IL-17 mediate?

A

Recruitment of neutrophils

90
Q

How does the recruitment of neutrophils (mediated by IL-17) occur?

A

Via induction of cytokine/chemokine production from other cells

91
Q

What cytokine do T follicular helper cells produce?

92
Q

What does IL-21 mediate the production of?

A

Ig by B cells

93
Q

What cells are cytotoxic T cells most similar to?

94
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells mediate their function? (2)

A

Recognition of antigens
Killing via perforin and granzyme

95
Q

How do CD8 cytotoxic T cells kill?

A

Release perforin and granzyme from granules

96
Q

What must Th1 cells activate to lyse intravesicular microbes?

A

Macrophages

97
Q

________ kills infected cells with help from _______

98
Q

What do B cells express?

A

B cell receptors

99
Q

What type of receptor?

Membrane-bound antibodies in association with invariant membrane proteins Ig-alpha and Ig-beta

A

B cell receptor

100
Q

What is the structure of immunoglobulins?

A

Y shape
2 heavy chains
2 light chains

101
Q

How many forms of immunoglobulins are there? Name them

A

2 forms: membrane-bound and secreted

102
Q

What region of the immunoglobulin contains the antigen-binding site?

A

Variable region

103
Q

What region of the immunoglobulin mediates effector function?

A

Constant region

104
Q

What does the constant region of the immunoglobulin determine?

A

The isotype

105
Q

What does the constant region of the immunoglobulin bind to? (2)

A
  1. Complement
  2. Fc receptors
106
Q

Which part of the immunoglobulin is this describing?

Variable domains of light and heavy chains

A

Binding site

107
Q

Which antigen is recognized by immunoglobulins, native or processed?

A

Native antigen

108
Q

Antigen part recognized by antibody

109
Q

What leads to production of IgM?

A

C gene organization

110
Q

What is the first C region cluster to be produced?

111
Q

What is the first antibody to be produced?

112
Q

T/F: There is tremendous diversity in the generation of immunoglobulins

113
Q

Steps in the maturation of lymphocytes

A
  1. Proliferation and receptor expression
  2. Immature cells that do not rearrange functional receptors die (apoptosis)
  3. Mature cells undergo + or - selection

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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