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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 10 - Viruses Transmitted Fecal-Orally (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 10 - Viruses Transmitted Fecal-Orally (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of capsid does adenovirus have?

A

Icosahedral

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2
Q

Where does adenovirus replicate?

A

GI tract

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3
Q

How does adenovirus spread?

A

Fecal-orally
Respiratory

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4
Q

Does adenovirus cause symptoms?

A

Not usually

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5
Q

Which two adenoviruses are known to cause gastroenteritis?

A

40 and 41

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6
Q

Adenovirus 40 and 41 infections are common in which people?

A

Children

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7
Q

What else can adenovirus cause besides gastroenteritis?

A

Respiratory infection
Eye infection

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8
Q

Which two adenoviruses infect military recruits and cause nasal congestion, cough, and malaise that can develop into pneumonia?

A

4 and 7

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9
Q

What adenovirus vaccine does the military give?

A

Live 4 and 7

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10
Q

What is the live adenovirus 4 and 7 vaccine coated with?

A

Gelatin

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11
Q

Where does the live adenovirus 4 and 7 vaccine replicate? Does this cause symptoms?

A

GI tract

Does NOT cause symptoms

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12
Q

Adenovirus can last on _________ and _________ for weeks and is easily spread from person-to-person

A

towels and surfaces

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13
Q

Which eye infection caused by adenovirus is found mainly in adults and is very contagious?

A

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

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14
Q

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis involves inflammation of what?

A

The cornea

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15
Q

What kind of capsid does rotavirus have?

A

Icosahedral

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16
Q

What family is rotavirus in?

A

Reovirus

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17
Q

Rotavirus is __________ and can reassort its genome

A

segmented

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18
Q

Where are rotavirus, norovirus, and picornaviruses very stable? (and all naked viruses in this lecture)

A

Detergents
Stomach acid
Resistant to drying, can last on surfaces for days
Wide range of temperatures

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19
Q

Billions of virus particles/gram of stool are shed during peak infection of which virus?

A

Rotavirus

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20
Q

Is rotavirus systemic or local? Does it have a short or long incubation time?

A

Local
Short incubation time

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21
Q

Which people have the most severe rotavirus infections?

A

Children under 5

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22
Q

T/F: Adults infected with rotavirus are often symptomatic

A

FALSE, they are often asymptomatic

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23
Q

What occurs after rotavirus symptoms are gone?

A

Viral shedding

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24
Q

What does a viral protein of rotavirus act as?

A

An enterotoxin (like cholera toxin)

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25
Q

What is the cause of severe dehydration in young children and hospitalization?

A

Rotavirus

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26
Q

What kind of vaccine is available for rotavirus?

A

Attenuated

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27
Q

Which vaccine is very good at preventing severe complications from infections that result in hospitalization (95%) but works less well at preventing all infections (70-80%)?

A

Rotavirus vaccine

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28
Q

What kind of capsid does norovirus have?

A

Icosahedral

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29
Q

What family is norovirus in?

A

Calicivirus

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30
Q

Millions of viral particles are shed in vomit and billions in feces in which virus?

A

Norovirus

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31
Q

T/F: Norovirus is VERY infectious

A

True!

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32
Q

T/F: Unlike rotavirus, norovirus infects and causes disease in all ages

A

True

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33
Q

What virus causes millions of illnesses (19-21 million) each year in the US and is the leading cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis?

A

Norovirus

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34
Q

Norovirus causes severe problems in which people?

A

Elderly and very young

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35
Q

Is norovirus systemic or local? Does it have a short or long incubation time?

A

Local
Short incubation

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36
Q

How long do norovirus symptoms last?

A

Very short (1-3 days)

37
Q

How long is norovirus shed?

A

From time of symptoms - up to 2 weeks after you feel better

38
Q

What kind of capsid does picornavirus (family) have?

A

Icosahedral

39
Q

What viruses are within picornavirus family?

A

Poliovirus
Echovirus
Enterovirus
Rhinovirus
Coxsackievirus A and B
HAV

(PERCH)

40
Q

How are enteroviruses spread?

A

Fecal-orally
Respiratory

41
Q

Enteroviruses are _________, meaning they kill the cell they infect

A

lytic

42
Q

When do picornaviruses have seasonality?

A

Summer/early fall

43
Q

Which picornavirus causes poliomyelitis?

A

Poliovirus

44
Q

Which picornavirus causes meningitis/encephalitis?

A

All enteroviruses

44
Q

Which picornavirus causes acute flaccid paralysis?

A

Enterovirus 71 and 68

45
Q

Where do enteroviruses replicate before they enter the blood and go to target organs?

A

GI tract and respiratory tract

46
Q

What can prevent enteroviruses from entering the blood and reaching target organs, stopping the severe consequences of infection?

A

IgG

47
Q

T/F: Most poliovirus infections are asymptomatic

A

True

48
Q

Most who were infected with poliovirus had symptoms were sick for about a week, some progressing to ____________, but all recovered completely

A

meningitis

49
Q

About 1% of all poliovirus infections had what?

A

Paralytic poliomyelitis

50
Q

Those who had paralytic poliomyelitis from poliovirus infection had polio travel where? What did this cause?

A

Motor neurons -> anterior horn -> killed cells -> symptoms of spinal polio w/ limb paralysis

51
Q

What did paralytic poliomyelitis from poliovirus infection also cause in some people?

A

Weakness of muscles involved in swallowing and breathing -> higher mortality than spinal polio

52
Q

What are the 2 polio vaccines?

A

Sabin/oral
Salk/inactivated

53
Q

What type of vaccine is the Sabin/oral polio vaccine?

A

Attenuated

54
Q

Where does the Sabin/oral polio vaccine replicate?

A

The gut

55
Q

In which polio vaccine is there a chance of getting polio from the vaccine itself?

A

Sabin/oral polio vaccine

56
Q

What happens if you are exposed to wild-type polio but you are vaccinated with the Sabin/oral vaccine?

A
  1. You do NOT get infected
  2. Infection, disease, and spread of WT poliovirus to others is prevented
57
Q

What type of vaccine is the Salk/inactivated polio vaccine?

A

Inactivated

58
Q

Which polio vaccine is used in the US?

A

Salk/inactivated polio vaccine

59
Q

What viruses are the #1 cause of viral meningitis?

A

Enteroviruses

60
Q

What happens if you are exposed to wild-type polio but you are vaccinated with the Salk/inactivated vaccine?

A
  1. You become infected, but IgG prevents disease
  2. Can be spread to others fecal-orally
61
Q

What viruses can cause viral meningitis?

A

Enterovirus
Echovirus
Coxsackievirus A and B

62
Q

Viral meningitis can occur at any age, but is very common in which people?

A

Children

63
Q

T/F: Unlike bacterial meningitis, enteroviral meningitis resolves without treatment, with most having no lasting side effects

A

True

64
Q

Besides meningitis, what else can enteroviruses cause?

A

Encephalitis

(most recover completely if the encephalitis occurs outside the neonate stage)

65
Q

What picornaviruses cause hand, foot, mouth disease?

A

Coxsackievirus A
Enterovirus 71

66
Q

Where are ulcerations/lesions from hand, foot, mouth disease found?

A

Mouth/pharynx
Soles of feet
Palms

67
Q

What virus is endemic in East and Southeast Asia and causes hand, food, and mouth disease?

A

Enterovirus 71

68
Q

What can Enterovirus 71 cause?

A

Severe neurologic complications

69
Q

What virus causes herpangia?

A

Coxsackievirus A

70
Q

Lesions in herpangia are similar to HFMD, but are limited to what part of the body?

A

Posterior oral cavity

(does not involve rest of body)

71
Q

What virus causes myocarditis/pericarditis?

A

Coxsackievirus B

72
Q

What does Coxsackievirus B start as?

A

Respiratory infection

73
Q

Generalized infections of newborns can happen if the mother has an ___________ infection during the last week of pregnancy or if a newborn gets an ___________ infection shortly after birth

A

enterovirus; enterovirus

74
Q

What happens if the newborn gets an enteroviral infection?

A

Spreads to multiple organs with high mortality rate

75
Q

Why does the timing of infection in pregnancy matter?

A

If the mother can form ABs and transfer them to the fetus, the baby will be protected from the virus spreading in the blood to target organs

76
Q

What happens if enterovirus symptoms occur a week before delivery?

A

Maternal ABs are made -> transferred through placenta -> baby protected

77
Q

What family is rhinovirus in?

A

Picornavirus

78
Q

Can rhinovirus be transmitted fecal-orally?

A

No

79
Q

What inactivates rhinovirus?

A

Low pH

80
Q

What temperature does rhinovirus prefer to grow at? What is this ideal for?

A

33 degrees, ideal for upper respiratory tract

81
Q

T/F: There are many types of rhinovirus (>200), and most people are frequently reinfected and symptomatic throughout life

A

True

82
Q

What is the primary cause of common cold?

A

Rhinovirus

83
Q

High amounts of rhinovirus are found where?

A

Nasal secretions

84
Q

Green nasal secretions are present in rhinovirus infections and indicate the presence of what?

A

Neutrophils

85
Q

What is a significant route of rhinovirus infection?

A

Hand-to-face

86
Q

Which picornavirus causes myocarditis/pericarditis?

A

Coxasackievirus B

87
Q

Which picornaviruses cause respiratory infections?

A

All enteroviruses
Rhinovirus

88
Q

Which picornaviruses cause generalized infections of newborns?

A

Coxsackievirus B
Echovirus

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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