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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 7 - Mycology (Mini Exam) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 7 - Mycology (Mini Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

Study of fungi

A

Mycology

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2
Q

What does fungi include?

A

Yeast and mold

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3
Q

Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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4
Q

As eukaryotes, what type of environment do fungi require?

A

Aerobic or anaerobic

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5
Q

Are fungi plants?

A

NO, they don’t produce chlorophyll or energy via photosynthesis

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6
Q

Acquire nutrition from dead, decaying organic matter; aid in decomposition and recycling of carbon and nitrogen

A

Saprophytic

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7
Q

What do fungi breakdown in humans? What kind of people does this occur more often in?

A

Epithelial tissue (and spread into deeper tissue)

*occurs more often in immunocompromised people

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8
Q

What types of tissues are useful sources of nutrients for fungi?

A

Ischemic and necrotic

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9
Q

How many fungi are capable of causing infections in humans?

A

A few hundred

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10
Q

Why are fungi important to know clinically?

A

Can cause serious infections, may be resistant to antifungals

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11
Q

In what 3 ways are fungi diverse?

A

Appearance
Benefit/use
Ability to cause disease

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12
Q

How many morphologies can fungi display?

A

Some only display 1, others display combo

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13
Q

What are the clinically important morphological forms of fungi?

A

Yeast
Mold
Dimorphic fungi (display both yeast and mold forms)

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13
Q

Single-celled form of fungi; round or oval-shaped

A

Yeast

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14
Q

How do yeast reproduce?

A

Budding

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15
Q

Unequal asexual outgrowth from parent cell; produces genetically identical cells

A

Budding

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16
Q

What are the 2 routes that yeast can take when buds break off?

A
  1. Form single cell
  2. Elongate to become pseudohyphae
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17
Q

Chain of connected yeast cells that resemble hyphae, but constrict at the point of connection

A

Pseudohyphae

(think of a balloon animal)

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18
Q

What are 2 examples of yeast?

A

Candida
Cryptococcus

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19
Q

What is the multicellular, filamentous form of fungi?

A

Mold

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20
Q

What can mold filaments exist as?

A
  1. Hyphae
  2. Mycelium
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21
Q

Individual mold filaments

A

Hyphae

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22
Q

Masses/clusters of mold filaments

A

Mycelium

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23
Q

How does hyphae grow?

A

Lengthening filament and dividing nucleus

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24
Q

What may occur when hyphae grow?

A

Some branching

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25
Q

Cross walls

A

Septations

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26
Q

Mold with septations

A

Septate hyphae

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27
Q

Mold without septations

A

Aseptate/non-septate hyphae

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28
Q

Which type of hyphae in mold?

Majority of mold species; hyphae are smaller in diameter

A

Septate hyphae

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29
Q

Which type of hyphae in mold?

Mold species of the mucor group; hyphae are larger in diameter

A

Aseptate/non-septate hyphae

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30
Q

What is the branching pattern, presence/absence of septations, and hyphae in mold used for?

A

Distinguishing mold types

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31
Q

Can hyphae have pigment associated with them?

A

Yes!

32
Q

What are 2 examples of mold?

A

Aspergillus
Mucor

33
Q

What do dimorphic fungi alternate between?

A

Yeast form and mold form

34
Q

What is the alternating between yeast form and mold form in dimorphic fungi based on?

A

Environmental conditions
Temperature

35
Q

Yeast in the ________, mold in the _________

A

heat; cold

36
Q

4 examples of dimorphic fungi

A

Candida
Histoplasma
Blastomyces
Coccidioides

37
Q

Which is present with many nutrients, yeast or mold?

A

Yeast

38
Q

Which is present with reduced nutrients, yeast or mold?

A

Mold

39
Q

What makes fungal cells different form other eukaryotic cells? (ON EXAM)

A

Cell membrane contains ergosterol (instead of cholesterol)

40
Q

What is the primary target of antifungals?

A

Ergosterol

41
Q

The fungal cell wall is a thick, highly cross-linked layer with multiple long-chain ___________ and ___________ (both stimulate the immune system)

A

polysaccharides; glycoproteins

42
Q

What is the fungal cell wall similar to?

A

Gram + cell wall

(except no peptidoglycan!!)

43
Q

What are the polysaccharides present in the fungal cell wall? (ON EXAM)

A

a-glucan
B-glucan
Chitin

44
Q

What are the glycoproteins present in the fungal cell wall? (ON EXAM)

A

Mannoproteins

45
Q

Which cells phagocytose fungi for intracellular killing in the innate response?

A

*Neutrophils
Macrophages

46
Q

What environment do fungal pathogens grow in?

A

Aerobic

47
Q

What do fungi secrete that aid in survival and nutrient acquisition in the host?

A

Extracellular products (enzymes, mycotoxins, antibiotics)

48
Q

Breakdown complex organic material for use in cells

A

Enzymes

49
Q

Secreted substances that are toxic to humans and animals when ingested or inhaled

A

Mycotoxins

50
Q

Produced in nature by some filamentous fungi (molds); may inhibit competing microbes

A

Antibiotics

51
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Sexual or asexual reproduction

52
Q

Rapid; results in genetically identical offspring

A

Asexual reproduction

53
Q

What type of reproduction do most pathogenic fungi seen in the clinical setting undergo?

A

Asexual reproduction

54
Q

What does asexual reproduction of mold form?

A

Thick-walled asexual spores from hyphal filaments

55
Q

What conditions do spores form in?

A

Unfavorable (ex: inadequate nutrients/water)

56
Q

What conditions do spores germinate in?

A

Favorable

57
Q

What are mold spores resistant to?

A

Drying

58
Q

What are mold spores NOT resistant to?

A

Heat

59
Q

Single-celled, smaller mold spores

A

Microconidia

60
Q

Multi-celled, larger mold spores

A

Macroconidia

61
Q

Fungal diseases may result from introduction of ______________ fungal spores into body, overgrowth of commensal _________, or exposure to ________ products produced by spores

A

environmental; flora; toxic

62
Q

Mycoses meaning

A

Infections

63
Q

Fungal diseases may present in the form of what 3 things?

A

Allergies
Mycotoxin exposure
Infections

64
Q

What do fungal spores have which may stimulate allergic reactions and respiratory effects?

A

Surface antigens

65
Q

What can allergic reactions/respiratory effects be from?

A

Inhaling mold spores due to growth in moist areas

66
Q

What are 2 ways you could get a mycotoxin exposure?

A

Ingesting contaminated food
Inhaling spores (coated with mycotoxin)

67
Q

What can you get an infection from?

A

Exposure to fungal spores

68
Q

What are fungal infections typically characterized by?

A

Anatomic location
Epidemiology

69
Q

Where can fungal infections be?

A

Superficial
Subcutaneous
Systemic (endemic + opportunistic)

70
Q

Many fungi only cause serious disease in what types of people?

A

Immunocompromised
People with foreign devices

71
Q

Where are superficial fungal infections localized to?

A

Outermost layers of skin, hair, nails

72
Q

Where are subcutaneous/submucosal infections localized to?

A

Deeper skin structures
Submucosal tissue

73
Q

What are subcutaneous/submucosal infections commonly associated with?

A

Trauma-related inoculation of spores from soil or vegetation

74
Q

Cause infection in immunocompetent individuals

A

Endemic

75
Q

Cause infection in immunocompromised individuals

A

Opportunistic

76
Q

What 2 things can systemic infections be due to?

A

Commensal fungi that overgrows (candida)
Environmental fungi that is inhaled (mucor)

77
Q

T/F: All pathogenic fungi have the ability to be opportunistic

A

True

78
Q

The greater the degree of immunocompromise, the greater the likelihood of…

A

Severe infection

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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