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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 4 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 4 (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Any substance that induces a specific adaptive immune response (T and B cells)

A

Antigen

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2
Q

Examples of antigens

A

Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Polysaccharides
Metals

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3
Q

Each microbe possesses many different ___________

A

antigens

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4
Q

Primary immune response to antigen

A

First antigen encounter

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5
Q

Secondary immune response to antigen

A

Second encounter with same antigen

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6
Q

Characteristics of innate immunity

A

Immediate
Non-specific
No memory

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7
Q

Which type of immunity is always present to block microbe entry?

A

Innate immunity

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8
Q

Characteristics of adaptive immunity

A

Delayed
Specific
Has memory

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9
Q

What does adaptive immunity require?

A

Expansion/differentiation of lymphocytes

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Cell-mediated
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11
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity?

Mediated by antibodies; extraceullar microbe

A

Humoral immunity

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12
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity?

Involves T lymphocytes; intracellular microbe

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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13
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity?

Blocks infections and eliminate extracellular microbes

A

Humoral immunity

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14
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity?

Elimination of phagocytosed microbes

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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15
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity?

Kills infected cells and eliminates reservoirs of infection

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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16
Q

Adaptive immunity recognizes microbial antigens on _________ or ________ _______ surfaces

A

microbes; host cell

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17
Q

Describe the steps of clonal selection

A
  1. Lymphocyte clones w/ diverse receptors arise in lymph organs
  2. Clones of mature lymphocytes specific for many antigens enter lymph tissue
  3. Antigen-specific clones are activated by antigens
  4. Antigen-specific immune responses occur
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18
Q

How long is the primary memory response?

A

1-3 weeks

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19
Q

How long is the secondary memory response?

A

2-7 days

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20
Q

Which memory response mounts larger and more effective responses to repeated antigen exposures?

A

Secondary memory response

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21
Q

Name some cells involved in innate immunity (immediate response) (6)

A

Macrophages (WBCs)
NK cells
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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22
Q

Name some cells involved in adaptive immunity (delayed response)

A

B cells
T cells (CD4 & CD8)

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23
Q

Name some cells involved in both innate and adaptive immunity

A

T cells
NK T cells

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24
Q

Name the type of cell:

Circulates and initiates response upon recognition of antigen

A

Lymphocyte

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25
Q

Name examples of lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

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26
Q

Name the type of cell:

Detects presence of microbes

A

Antigen-presenting cell

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27
Q

Name examples of antigen-presenting cells

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cells

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28
Q

Name the type of cell:

Destroys microbes

A

Effector cells

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29
Q

Name examples of effector cells

A

T lymphocytes
Macrophages
Granulocytes

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30
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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31
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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32
Q

Which type of lymphocyte?

Neutralization of microbe, phagocytosis, complement activation

A

B lymphocyte

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33
Q

Which type of lymphocyte?

Activation of macrophages, inflammation, activation (proliferation/differentiation) of T and B lymphocytes

A

Helper T lymphocyte

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34
Q

Which type of lymphocyte?

Killing of infected cells

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

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35
Q

Which type of lymphocyte?

Suppression of immune response

A

Regulatory T lymphocyte

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36
Q

What type of T/B cell?

Survive for weeks-months and die if no antigen

A

Naive T/B cell

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37
Q

What type of T/B cell?

Short lived, die when antigen is eliminated

A

Effector T/B cell

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38
Q

What type of T/B cell?

Survive for long period of time

A

Memory T/B cell

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39
Q

__________ T cells are more numerous in young people

A

Naive

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40
Q

__________ T cells are more numerous in old people

A

Memory

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41
Q

____________ occurs in primary lymph organs

A

Maturation

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42
Q

____________ occurs in secondary lymph organs

A

Activation

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43
Q

Name the primary lymph organs

A

Thymus
Bone marrow

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44
Q

Name the secondary lymph organs

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes

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45
Q

What does organization of secondary lymph organs enable? (3)

A
  1. APCs to concentrate antigens
  2. Lymphocytes to identify/respond to antigens
  3. Cells to interact
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46
Q

Where does lymph drain to?

A

Lymph nodes

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47
Q

Draining of lymph to lymph nodes allows for what 2 things?

A
  1. Concentrate antigens
  2. Sampling of antigens by APCs
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48
Q

Lymph nodes and the spleen have distinct ___ and ___ cell zones

A

B and T

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49
Q

________ _______ pick up antigens in tissues and migrate to lymph nodes

A

Dendritic cells

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50
Q

Blood entering the spleen allows for what?

A

Sampling of antigens by APCs

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51
Q

Activated ___ _________ migrate in tissues to eliminate microbes

A

T cells

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52
Q

The mucosal immune system is a collection of lymph tissue that is similar in organization as what?

A

Lymph nodes (tonsils, Peyer’s patch)

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53
Q

How is movement of T and B cells coordinated?

A

Chemokines and receptors

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54
Q

____ _________ are attracted in __________ in lymph organs

A

B cells; follicles

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55
Q

____ _________ are attracted ___________, but adjacent to follicles in lymph organs

A

T cells; outside

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56
Q

How does the immune response to microbes occur? (3 steps)

A
  1. Antigen recognition
  2. Cell activation
  3. Antigen elimination
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57
Q

Name the 5 phases of the adaptive immune response

A
  1. Antigen recognition
  2. Clonal expansion
  3. Differentiation in effector cells
  4. Contraction via apoptosis
  5. Memory cells
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58
Q

__________ __________ __________ capture antigens and concentrate it in lymph organs where the organization allow them to present it to ____ __________

A

Antigen presenting cells; T cells

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59
Q

__________ T lymphocytes circulate through lymph organs, whereas ____________ T cells migrate to tissue where inflammation/infection is present

A

Naive; effector

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60
Q

Lymphocytes divide in response to what?

A

Antigens

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61
Q

What do lymphocytes become after they divide in response to antigens?

A

Effector and memory cells

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62
Q

Innate immunity is essential for…?

A

Effective host defense at early stage of infection

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63
Q

Adaptive immunity is essential for…?

A

Microbe clearance

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64
Q

Innate immunity varies according to _________ type

A

microorganism

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65
Q

What are the 2 categories of microorganisms involved in innate immunity?

A

Extracellular and intracellular

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66
Q

Extracellular or intracellular microorganism?

Accessible to soluble molecules and phagocyte

A

Extracellular

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67
Q

Extracellular or intracellular microorganism?

Require killing or activation of infected cells

A

Intracellular

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68
Q

Extracellular or intracellular microorganism?

Complement, macrophages, neutrophils

A

Extracellular

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69
Q

Extracellular or intracellular microorganism?

Antimicrobial peptides

A

Extracellular

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70
Q

Extracellular or intracellular microorganism?

NK cells

A

Intracellular

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71
Q

Extracellular or intracellular microorganism?

Activated macrophages

A

Intracellular

72
Q

Innate or adaptive immunity?

Recognizes structures shared by various classes of microbes, but not present on normal host cells

A

Innate

73
Q

Innate or adaptive immunity?

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) encoded in germline possess limited diversity

A

Innate

74
Q

How do cells of the innate immune response identify microorganisms?

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

75
Q

Molecules expressed and/or produced solely by microbes and recognized by PRR expressed by immune cells

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

76
Q

Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) expression and ligands are __________

A

redundant

77
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize similar types of ___________

A

ligands

78
Q

Where are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) found in cells?

A

Localized at plasma + endosomal membrane, and in the cytosol

79
Q

What are pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognized by?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

80
Q

Where are toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on?

A

Cells of the innate immune system

81
Q

During toll-like receptor (TLR) signal transduction, recruitment of adaptor proteins, ________ and __________, leads to activation of ________________ factors and ___________ production

A

MyD88; TRIF; transcription; cytokine

82
Q

____________ recruits TRIF and triggers IFNa/B production

A

TLR3

83
Q

During toll-like receptor (TLR) signal transduction, activation of transcription factors leads to increased expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and costimulators. This causes what 2 things to occur?

A
  1. Acute inflammation
  2. Stimulation of adaptive immunity
84
Q

During toll-like receptor (TLR) signal transduction, activation of transcription factors also leads to production of type 1 interferon. This causes what to occur?

A

Antiviral state

85
Q

How many types of inflammasomes are there?

A

14

86
Q

Activate inflammatory processes and provides host defense; involved in chronic disease development

A

Inflammasomes

87
Q

How is the NLRP3 inflammasome assembly initiated?

A

By sensing several molecules

(ex: microbial products, inorganic particles, endogenous substances, etc)

88
Q

What does inflammasome assembly lead to? (4)

A

Caspase-1 activation
Cleavage of pro-IL1B
Secretion of IL1B
Accumulation of neutrophils + monocytes at site

89
Q

What are the components of the innate immune system?

A

Epithelial barriers
Phagocytes
NK cells
Granulocytes

90
Q

Name the 3 types of barriers of the epithelia

A
  1. Physical barrier
  2. Chemical barrier
  3. Cellular barrier
91
Q

Which barrier: physical, chemical, or cellular?

Saliva (oral cavity)

A

Physical barrier

92
Q

Which barrier: physical, chemical, or cellular?

Kill microbes by disrupting outer membranes of bacteria and some virus

A

Chemical barrier

93
Q

What cell?

Most abundant (1x10^11/day)
Short lived (6 hrs in blood)
No lysosome

A

Neutrophils

94
Q

What do neutrophils mediate?

A

Earliest phase of inflammatory responses

95
Q

What cell?

10x less abundant than neutrophils
Long lived
Monocytes differentiate into macrophages in tissues

A

Mononuclear phagocytes

96
Q

What do macrophages mediate?

A

Later stages of innate immune response, 1-2 days after infection

97
Q

What cells divide and persist at inflammation site?

A

Macrophages

98
Q

What is the function of classical/M1 macrophages? (2)

A
  1. Trigger inflammation
  2. Kill micobes
99
Q

Dendritic cells have __________ and __________ capabilities

A

dendrites; phagocytic

100
Q

What cells link innate and adaptive immune responses?

A

Classical dendritic cells

101
Q

What cells?

Capture and display microbial antigens to naive T lymphocytes

A

Classical dendritic cells

102
Q

What cells?

Tune T cell response by secreting cytokines

A

Classical dendritic cells

103
Q

What do plasmacytoid dendritic cells produce?

A

Type 1 interferons (IFNa/B) that have antiviral activities

104
Q

What cell?

Bind dsRNA via TLR3

A

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

105
Q

What cell?

Do not express somatically rearranged clonally distributed antigen receptors; are NOT phagocytes

A

NK cells

106
Q

Inhibitory receptor engagement to MHC class I inhibits _________ cell activation

A

NK

107
Q

Signals from ____________ receptors block signals from ____________ receptors

A

inhibitory; activating

108
Q

Lack of inhibitory receptor engagement triggers _____________

A

activation

109
Q

What happens to NK cell if the inhibitory receptor is engaged?

A

NK cell = not activated

No cell killing!!

110
Q

What happens to NK cell if inhibitory receptor is NOT engaged?

A

NK cell = activated

Killing of infected cell occurs

111
Q

What cell?

Kill virus-infected cells via perforin/granzyme

A

NK cells

112
Q

What cells?

Upon activation, release proteolytic enzymes and substances that contribute to inflammation

A

Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

113
Q

Name some examples of proteolytic enzymes and substances released by mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils that contribute to inflammation (5)

A

Histamine
Prostaglandins
Heparin
Leukotrienes
TNFa

114
Q

What cells?

Important in helping to protect against helminth and bacterial infection

A

Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

115
Q

Lymphocyte activation requires how many signals?

A

2

116
Q

What are the 2 signals involved in lymphocyte activation?

A

Signal 1 = antigen binding to antigen receptor
Signal 2 = molecules provided by innate cells

117
Q

4 principal effects of inflammation

A
  1. Increase in temp (calor)
  2. Redness (rubor)
  3. Swelling (tumor)
  4. Pain (dolor)
118
Q

What are 3 mediators secreted in response to bacterial infection?

A

Histamine
Prostaglandins
TNFa

119
Q

During an acute inflammatory response, the increased _____________ permeability of mediators leads to influx of _________ _________ and ________ cells. This contributes to swelling, redness, heat, and pain

A

capillary; plasma proteins; phagocytic

120
Q

How do cells at the site of infection alert other innate cells of the immune response?

A

Cytokines attract and activate cells, or induce cellular processes

121
Q

__________ induce innate cells to produce _________

A

Microbes; cytokines

122
Q

Cytokines are produced by __________ cells upon interaction with infectious agents, and activate/mobilize other cells

A

innate

123
Q

What is an effect of cytokines on vascular endothelium?

A

Endothelial wall gains new adhesion proteins specific for interactions with leukocytes

124
Q

What 3 parts of the body do inflammatory cytokines have an effect on systemically?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Fat, muscle
125
Q

Liver, hypothalamus, or fat + muscle?

Systemic effect of inflammatory cytokines includes: activation of complement; opsonization

A

Liver

126
Q

Liver, hypothalamus, or fat + muscle?

Systemic effect of inflammatory cytokines includes: increased body temp; decreased viral and bacterial replication

A

Hypothalamus

127
Q

Liver, hypothalamus, or fat + muscle?

Systemic effect of inflammatory cytokines includes: protein and energy mobilization to generate increased body temp; decreased viral and bacterial replication

A

Fat + muscle

128
Q

What cytokines are involved in an abscess?

A

TNFa and IL1

129
Q

Name the 4 steps in the recruitment of leukocytes: transmigration

A
  1. Rolling
  2. Integrin activation by chemokines
  3. Stable adhesion
  4. Migration through endothelium
130
Q

What are the 3 liver plasma proteins that serve as acute phase reactants?

A

SAP
CRP
MBL

131
Q

What do acute phase reactants function as?

A

Opsonin, targeting microbes for phagocytosis

132
Q

Molecules coating microbe surface

A

Opsonin

133
Q

Process of marking microbe for ingestion

A

Opsonization

134
Q

What do opsonins simultaneously bind to?

A

Microbe + phagocyte receptor

135
Q

What do acute phase reactants activate?

A

Complement

136
Q

In the complement system, what do all pathways lead to?

A

Cleavage of C3 into C3b and C3a

137
Q

What enzyme is responsible for cleavage of C3 into C3b and C3a?

A

C3 convertase

138
Q

What is C3b?

A

Opsonin

139
Q

What is C3a?

A

Anaphylatoxin

140
Q

C3a and C5a induce local inflammatory responses. Name them

A

Increased vascular permeability
Increased microbicidal activity

141
Q

Which process triggered by opsonization leads to microbe ingestion?

A

Phagocytosis

142
Q

What can we compare phagocytes to?

A

Pac-man

143
Q

What cells kill microbes?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages

144
Q

What cells process antigens?

A

Dendritic cells

145
Q

Process of ingestion of opsonin-coated or receptor-bound microbes

A

Phagocytosis

146
Q

How are microbes killed once phagocytosed?

A

Production of toxic products

147
Q

The generation of what is toxic for ingested microbes?

A

O2-
Reactive oxygen species (H2O2, OCl-, -OH)
NO
Reactive peroxynitrite radicals

148
Q

What is pus?

A

Dying neutrophils

149
Q

Antigens are transported from ___________ to lymph organs where recognition by ____ cells occurs

A

tissue/mucosa; T

150
Q

The majority of dendritic cells in tissues and lymph organs are what type?

A

Classical dendritic cells

151
Q

What cells capture and process protein antigens?

A

Immature dendritic cells

152
Q

Dendritic cells upregulate __________ receptors (CCR7) and ____________ molecules

A

chemokine; costimulatory

153
Q

What cells present protein antigens to T cells?

A

Mature dendritic cells

154
Q

What determines the specific recognition of antigens by T cells?

A

MHC molecules

155
Q

Antigens are displayed by ____ __________ and are recognized by ___ _______

A

MHC molecules; T cells

156
Q

T cell receptors on T cells recognize peptide antigens displayed by _____ ___________ on antigen presenting cells

A

MHC molecules

157
Q

How many sets of highly polymorphic genes are there? Name them

A

2

Class I MHC genes
Class II MHC genes

158
Q

Genes of the MHC locus are highly _________

A

polymorphic

159
Q

MHC class I and class II molecules are membrane proteins containing a peptide-binding cleft at the ________ ___________

A

amino terminal

160
Q

MHC class I molecules have an ________ chain associated with _______________

A

alpha; B2-microglobulin

161
Q

MHC class II molecules have _________ and _________ chains

A

alpha; beta

162
Q

CD8 T cells only recognized peptides presented by ….

A

MHC class I molecules

163
Q

______ binds CD8 on CD8 T cells

A

a3

(invariant portion of alpha chain)

164
Q

CD4 T cells only recognized peptides presented by ….

A

MHC class II molecules

165
Q

______ binds CD4 on CD4 T cells

A

B2

(invariant portion of beta chain)

166
Q

What ensures that a population can deal with microbe diversity?

A

MHC polymorphism

167
Q

What is expressed on APCs and induced by IFNgamma?

A

MHC class II molecules

168
Q

What is expressed on ALL nucleated cells?

A

MHC class I molecules

169
Q

MHC molecules only bind peptides derived from what?

A

Protein antigens

170
Q

T/F: One APC can display multiple peptides

A

True

171
Q

How are are proteins converted into peptides?

A

Antigen processing pathways

172
Q

Peptide binding to MHC lasts up to ______ in order to maximize interaction with ___ _______

A

days; T cells

173
Q

Extracellular proteins (tumor, bacteria) are processed in ______________. Peptides are displayed on MHC class _____ molecules to ______ cells

A

endosome/lysosome; II; CD4

174
Q

Cytosolic proteins (virus, bacteria that escape phagosome) are processed by ___________ and _____________ ___________. Peptides are displayed on MHC class _____ molecules to ______ cells

A

proteasome; endoplasmic reticulum; I; CD8

175
Q

What is the significance of MHC-associated antigen presentation?

A

Optimization of response to different microbes in different locations

(extracellular = CD4; intracellular = CD8)

176
Q

Which inflammatory cytokines affect the liver?

A

IL-1
IL-6
TNFa

177
Q

Which inflammatory cytokines affect the hypothalamus and fat + muscle?

A

IL-1
TNFa

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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