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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 6 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 6 (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following factors is the first to be secreted upon mast cell activation?

Leukotriene C4
Prostaglandin D2
Histamine
IL-5
Acid cationic factor

A

Histamine

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2
Q

What is stored into granules and released immediately when mast cells are activated and degranulate?

A

Histamine

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3
Q

Penicillin cannot elicit an immune response on its own, but can elicit an immune response if coupled to a carrier protein. It is then referred to as a:

Antigen
Immunogen
Antibody
Hapten
Immunoglobulin

A

Hapten

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4
Q

Small molecules that cannot elicit an immune response themselves, but can when coupled to a protein

A

Haptens

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5
Q

Which of the following causes of cancer has been responsible for the very large increase in oral cancers over the last 10+ years?

HIV infection
HPV infection
Exposure to radiation
Exposure to chemical carcinogens
P. gingivalis infection

A

HPV infection

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6
Q

T/F: Tumors can evade the immune response.

A

True

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7
Q

Despite its vital protective role against pathogens, the immune system is often responsible for __________ __________ and is involved in the ___________ of many diseases

A

tissue injury; pathogenesis

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8
Q

A set of undesirable reactions by the normal immune system that require a “pre-sensitized” (immune) state

A

Hypersensitivities

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivities based on the triggering mechanism?

A

Immediate - Type I
Antibody-mediated - Type II
Immune complex-mediated - Type III
Cell-mediated - Type IV

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10
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity?

Cross-linking of IgE antibodies bound to mast cells by antigen (allergen)

A

Immediate - Type I

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11
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity?

Binding of IgG or IgM antibodies to antigens present on cells or basement membranes

A

Antibody-mediated - Type II

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12
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity?

Deposition of immune complexes (Ag/Ab) in tissues

A

Immune complex-mediated - Type III

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13
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity?

T cell-directed mechanisms of tissue injury

A

Cell-mediated - Type IV

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14
Q

Which Type I phase - acute or late?

5-30 mins
Subsides within 60 mins
Vasodilation
Vascular leakage
Smooth muscle spasm

A

Type I acute phase

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15
Q

Which Type I phase - acute or late?

2-24 hours
No additional exposure
Eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, CD4+ T cells
Mucosal epithelial cell damage

A

Type I late phase

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16
Q

Which hypersensitivity?

  1. Rapid immune reaction (mins)
  2. Preformed antibodies (IgE) to allergen
  3. IgE binds FceRI on mast cells
  4. Allergen crosslinks bound IgE molecules + triggers release of histamine
  5. Acute (< 1 hr) + late (2 hr - days) phases
  6. Local or systemic (anaphylaxis)
A

Immediate - Type I hypersensitivity

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17
Q

Name the key immune elements of Immediate - Type I hypersensitivity (6)

A

CD4+ T cells
B cells
IgE antibodies
Th2 cytokines
Mast cells + mediators (acute phase)
Eosinophils + neutrophils (late phase)

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18
Q

What are the Th2 cytokines involved in Immediate - Type I hypersensitivity?

A

IL-4
IL-13
IL-5

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19
Q

What is the primary mediator of mast cells?

A

Histamine

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20
Q

What leads to the following:

Increased vascular permeability
Smooth muscle contraction (airways)
Increased mucous gland secretion
Produced by mast cells, basophils, platelets

A

Histamine

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21
Q

What are the 3 factors that play a role in the clinical presentation of Immediate - Type I hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Amount of IgE present (bound to mast cells)
  2. Amount of allergen encountered
  3. Route of allergen contact/entry
22
Q

Susceptibility to which reaction has a strong genetic component?

A

Immediate - Type I

23
Q

Which types of reactions are most common with LAs?

A

Immediate - Type I
Cell-mediated - Type IV

24
Q

Which LA is most likely to cause an allergic reaction?

A

Esters (since they are metabolized to PABA)

25
Q

How fast do Immediate - Type I symptoms occur after giving an injection to someone who is allergic?

26
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity?

Responsible for many antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases

A

Antibody-mediated - Type II

27
Q

Name the 4 types of antigens involved in Antibody-mediated - Type II hypersensitivity

A

Foreign antigens
Pathogen antigens
Alloantigens
Own antigens

28
Q

Which antigen in Antibody-mediated - Type II hypersensitivity?

Bind to cells and act as haptens

A

Foreign antigens

29
Q

Which antigen in Antibody-mediated - Type II hypersensitivity?

Cross-react with self antigens - molecular mimicry

A

Pathogen antigens

30
Q

Which antigen in Antibody-mediated - Type II hypersensitivity?

Blood group antigens in transfusion reactions, erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Alloantigens

31
Q

Which antigen in Antibody-mediated - Type II hypersensitivity?

Auto-antigens in autoimmune diseases

A

Own antigens

32
Q

What are the 3 types of mechanisms for Antibody-mediated - Type II hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Complement-Dependent
  2. Antibody Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
  3. Antibody Mediated Cellular Dysfunction
33
Q

Which mechanism for Antibody-mediated - Type II hypersensitivity?

Opsonization for digestion/phagocytosis by macrophages
Ex: hemolytic anemias, transfusion rx

A

Complement-Dependent

34
Q

Which mechanism for Antibody-mediated - Type II hypersensitivity?

Targets are lysed by leukocytes with Fcgamma receptors (neutrophils)
Ex: Graft rejection

A

Antibody Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

35
Q

Which mechanism for Antibody-mediated - Type II hypersensitivity?

Antibodies directed against cell-surface receptors
Ex: Graves Disease (agonistic Abs), Myasthenia Gravis (antagonistic Abs)

A

Antibody Mediated Cellular Dysfunction

36
Q

Which hypersensitivity?

  1. IgM + IgG bind soluble antigen, activate complement, and are normally cleared by phagocytic cells in liver + spleen
  2. Complexes not easily cleared deposit in tissues
  3. Localized (arthus rxn) + systemic (serum sickness, SLE)
  4. Diverse antigens (exogenous, endogenous)
A

Immune complex-mediated - Type III hypersensitivity

37
Q

Name the antigens involved in Immune complex-mediated - Type III hypersensitivity (5)

A

Foreign antigens
Pathogen antigens
Autoantigens
Tumor antigens
Environmental antigens

38
Q

Which antigen in Immune complex-mediated - Type III hypersensitivity?

Example is SLE

A

Autoantigens

39
Q

Which antigen in Immune complex-mediated - Type III hypersensitivity?

Examples are post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, Hep B virus

A

Pathogen antigens

40
Q

Which antigen in Immune complex-mediated - Type III hypersensitivity?

Examples are antisera, antibodies

A

Foreign antigens

41
Q

Which antigen in Immune complex-mediated - Type III hypersensitivity?

Example is Aspergillus in farmer’s lung

A

Environmental antigens

42
Q

Name the 4 factors that affect immune complex deposition in Immune complex-mediated - Type III hypersensitivity

A
  1. Amount of antigen
  2. Physicochemical properties of antigen + antibody
  3. Ratio of antigen/antibodies
  4. Ability of phagocytes to remove circulating immune complexes
43
Q

What cells is Cell-mediated - Type IV hypersensitivity mediated by?

A

Antigen specific T cells

44
Q

Name the cells involved in Cell-mediated - Type IV hypersensitivity

45
Q

Which cells act through cytokines and activation of other cells (like macrophages) in Cell-mediated - Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

CD4+ T cells

46
Q

What is Cell-mediated - Type IV hypersensitivity also called?

A

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

47
Q

Which cells act through cytotoxicity in Cell-mediated - Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

CD8+ T cells

48
Q

Name an example that triggers delayed-type Cell-mediated - Type IV hypersensitivity

A

Tuberculin reaction

49
Q

Name 2 examples that trigger contact-type Cell-mediated - Type IV hypersensitivity

A

Poison ivy
Nickel (and other small metal ions)

50
Q

What are some things people can have hypersensitivities/allergies to in dentistry?

A
  1. Antibiotics, anesthetics, analgesics (Type I rxn)
  2. Certain metals (Type IV contact rxn)
  3. Latex products (Type I + IV rxns)
51
Q

An assay to detect hypersensitivity to metals (MELISA) measures the reactivity of what?

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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