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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 10 - How Viruses are Transmitted & Cause Disease (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 10 - How Viruses are Transmitted & Cause Disease (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Number of new infections over a period of time

A

Incidence

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2
Q

Total number of people infected in a population, new and old, over a period of time

A

Prevalence

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3
Q

Expected number of cases in a population. This number can be high, low, or even seasonal

A

Endemic

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4
Q

An increase in the average number of cases in an area

A

Epidemic

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5
Q

An epidemic that has spread to several countries or continents

A

Pandemic

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6
Q

On average, how many people one infected person will infect in a susceptible population

A

R0-Reproductive number

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7
Q

Spread in a population where not everyone is susceptible

A

Effective reproductive number (Re or Rt)

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8
Q

_____ is fixed, but ____ can change with changing variables such as social distancing, mask-wearing, immunity by infection, or vaccination

A

R0; Re

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9
Q

When people talk about getting R below 1, they are talking about ____

A

Re

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10
Q

An infectious disease transmitted from one source to another

A

Communicable

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11
Q

Name the 3 ways an infectious disease can be transmitted from one source to another

A
  1. Person to person
  2. Animal to person
  3. Fomite to person (phone, pen, shopping cart handle, etc)
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12
Q

Infections derived from contact; considered a very communicable disease spread by contact or proximity to an infected person

A

Contagious

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13
Q

What 3 ways are contagious infections transmitted?

A
  1. Respiratory droplets
  2. Fecal/oral
  3. Contact with skin or abrasion
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14
Q

Infections that are still communicable, but not by casual contact

A

Non-contagious

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15
Q

What 6 ways are non-contagious infections transmitted?

A
  1. Sexual contact (semen, vaginal fluid, lesions)
  2. Parenteral/injection (shared needles, needle stick)
  3. Congenital (transplacental)
  4. Perinatal (during or shortly after birth)
  5. Arboviral (mosquito, tick)
  6. Zoonotic (infected animals to humans)
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16
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Ebola

A

Contagious

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17
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Gastroenteritis

A

Contagious

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18
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Respiratory infections

A

Contagious

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19
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

HIV

A

Non-contagious

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20
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

HBV

A

Non-contagious

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21
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

HCV

A

Non-contagious

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22
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Sexually transmitted infections

A

Non-contagious

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23
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

HSV-1 and HSV-2

A

Non-contagious

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24
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Arboviruses

A

Non-contagious

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25
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

HPV

A

Non-contagious

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26
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Zika

A

Non-contagious

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27
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Dengue

A

Non-contagious

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28
Q

Contagious or non-contagious?

Yellow fever

A

Non-contagious

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29
Q

Season for many viruses that are enveloped and transmitted through respiratory route and many gastroenteric viruses

A

Winter/Spring

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30
Q

Peak season for arobviruses (peak in mosquito vectors) and picornaivruses

A

Summer/early Fall

31
Q

Time from infection until symptoms appear

A

Incubation period

32
Q

Person is infected, but no virus is shed from the body

A

Latent period

33
Q

Time from infection until one becomes infectious and capable of spreading disease to tohers

A

Latent period

34
Q

Infected individual can spread disease to others

A

Infectious phase

35
Q

Can a person be infectious before symptoms appear?

A

Yes!

36
Q

Can a person stop being infectious before symptoms resolve?

A

Yes!

37
Q

Can a person remain infectious after symptoms stop?

A

Yes!

38
Q

Generalized symptoms that occur in many viral infections before specific symptoms arise that might aid in diagnosis

A

Prodromal phase

39
Q

What is this an example of?

In measles, a person feels sick before the measles-defining rash

A

Prodromal phase

40
Q

In most infections, the majority of people infected are __________ or ___________ infected

A

asymptomatically; subclinically

41
Q

T/F: People who are asymptomatically or subclinically infected have no symptoms, but can spread disease - but not as well as those who have symptoms

A

True

42
Q

What 3 factors determine the severity of infection?

A
  1. Age
  2. Immune status
  3. Genetics
43
Q

T/F: Infections in children are always worse than the general population

A

FALSE, infections in children can be worse or sometimes better than the general population

44
Q

Why are infections in people over 65 usually worse than the general population?

A

Immune system doesn’t work as well
Other health problems can make infections worse

45
Q

Which patients have a much worse outcome with infections that can be relatively benign to the general population?

A

Immunocompromised

46
Q

What can prevent infection or lead to milder symptoms?

A

Prior exposure by vaccine or previous infection

47
Q

What can be a factor in disease severity?

A

General health of host

48
Q

What makes certain people more or less susceptible to disease?

A

Genetic determinates

49
Q

What is the most common form of transmission?

A

Human to human

50
Q

Name the 2 types of human to human transmission

A
  1. Horizontal
  2. Vertical
51
Q

What is the most common type of transmission from human to human?

A

Horizontal

52
Q

Mother to infant, either in utero or during birth

A

Vertical

53
Q

Spread of disease from a non-human reservoir to a human host

A

Zoonotic

54
Q

Name the 2 types of zoonotic transmission

A
  1. Indirect
  2. Direct
55
Q

Infection spread by insect intermediary called “the vector”

A

Indirect zoonotic

56
Q

Infection spread by infected non-human animal to the human

A

Direct zoonotic

57
Q

Virus is present in blood

A

Viremia

58
Q

Localized or generalized (systemic) infection?

Doesn’t spread throughout body; no viremia. Some but not all infections of the respiratory tract, GI tract, eye, skin

A

Localized

59
Q

Localized or generalized (systemic) infection?

Shorter incubation times, usually days

A

Localized

60
Q

Localized or generalized (systemic) infection?

IgA is usually important

A

Localized

61
Q

Localized or generalized (systemic) infection?

Not always lifelong immunity, sometimes shorter mucosal immunity

A

Localized

62
Q

Localized or generalized (systemic) infection?

Spreads through the body via blood (viremia) or nervous system

A

Generalized (systemic)

63
Q

Localized or generalized (systemic) infection?

Longer incubation times, weeks to months

A

Generalized (systemic)

64
Q

Localized or generalized (systemic) infection?

IgG is more important

A

Generalized (systemic)

65
Q

Localized or generalized (systemic) infection?

Usually lifelong immunity

A

Generalized (systemic)

66
Q

All infections with viruses have what phase?

A

Acute phase (asymptomatic or symptomatic)

67
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of the infection after the acute phase?

A
  1. Virus cleared from body
  2. Latent with virus only present if reactivated
  3. Chronic
68
Q

For a chronic infection, is there a higher or lower virus level in the body than in acute phase?

A

Lower virus level

69
Q

T/F: There can be a chronic infection in which the person never develops symptoms after acute phase

A

True

70
Q

T/F: There can be a chronic infection in which the person develops symptoms months to years after acute phase

A

True

71
Q

A new virus is spreading in the US. It is spread very efficiently by needle sharing and sex. The CDC has come out with the news that, on average, each sick person is infecting 2.5 people.

What is the type of transmission?

What is the reproductive number?

A

Transmission = non-contagious
Reproductive number = 2.5

72
Q

What infection would lead to the lowest incidence in the general population over one month?

a. An acute respiratory infection
b. An acute gatroenteritis infection
c. A chronic infection, sexually transmitted
d. A chronic infection spread by IV drug use

A

d. A chronic infection spread by IV drug use

73
Q

You are standing next to a person in an elevator who is sneezing and coughing. You have too much to do to get sick and hope that the person did not just transmit their disease. If you get sick, what type of transmission would it be?

A

Horizontal

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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