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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 7 - Parasitology (Mini Exam) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 7 - Parasitology (Mini Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

When one organism lives in close association with, and at the expense of, another

A

Parasite

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2
Q

Where do parasites live?

A

On or in a host

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3
Q

Parasites that live on a host

A

Ecto-parasite

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4
Q

Parasites that live in a host

A

Endo-parasite

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5
Q

T/F: Parasites usually kill their host

A

FALSE; they usually do not kill their host

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6
Q

The complex relationships between parasites and their hosts are the result of long ______________ histories

A

co-evolutionary

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7
Q

2 types of medically important human parasites

A
  1. Protozoans
  2. Helminths
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8
Q

Single celled “animal like” eukaryotes

A

Protozoans

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9
Q

Worms and flukes

A

Helminths

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10
Q

T/F: Parasites include bacteria and viruses

A

True, but the science of parasitology does NOT include them for historical reasons

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11
Q

There are ____ or ____ fold more parasites in nature than there are ‘free-living’ organisms

A

3 or 4

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12
Q

Each living species has ____ or more parasite, and the parasites have _________

A

1; parasites

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13
Q

Where a sexually mature adult parasite lives

A

Definitive host

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14
Q

Where a developing parasite lives

A

Intermediate host

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15
Q

Where a parasite that does not replicate or transmit, but dies (potentially causing more significant disease)

A

Dead end host

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16
Q

How were protozoans originally classified?

A

By motility

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17
Q

What were the original 4 groups of protozoans, classified by motility?

A
  1. Amoebas
  2. Ciliates
  3. Flagellates
  4. Sporoza
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18
Q

How are protozoans classified now?

A

By cell organelles

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19
Q

Which of the 4 motility classifications is still a valid taxonomic class of protozoans today?

A

Ciliates

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20
Q

What are the “Big 3” soil-transmitted nematode worms?

A
  1. Giant roundworm
  2. Whipworm
  3. Hookworm
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21
Q

What are major human infections related to?

A

The “Big 3” soil-transmitted nematode worms

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22
Q

How many parasites can affect humans?

A

~100

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23
Q

What are the 5 parasites of high known relevance in the US?

A

Pinworms
Toxoplasma
Trichomonas
Giardia
Pediculus humanus capitis (lice)

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24
Q

___________ and level of clean water infrastructure is the major factor of parasite habitat/transmission/epidemiology

A

Sanitation

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25
Q

___________ and __________ can exert an influence of parasite survival in the environment

A

Temperature and humidity

26
Q

4 modes of transmission for parasite infections

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Direct skin penetration
  3. Direct person to person
  4. Insect bites
27
Q

How do parasites contribute to/complicate other diseases?

A

Malnutrition

28
Q

Which type of parasitic disease is often chronic, and lacks specific identifiable patient symptoms?

A

Endemic

29
Q

Many parasitic infections are less/more acute compared to viral or bacterial diseases

A

Less acute

30
Q

What does co-evolution of parasites tend to favor ((except where important for transmission)?

A

Reduced host damage

31
Q

Parasites have evolved numerous and effective _______________ and ___________ strategies (ex: antigen variation, generalized AB stimulation, etc)

A

immune-evasion; suppression

32
Q

How can host cell and tissue damage still occur from parasites?

A

Immune responses to parasites

33
Q

What 3 examples of immune responses to parasites?

A

Eosinophilia
DTH
Granuloma

34
Q

The transmission of parasites involves the ability of their durable __________ to survive and develop in the environment

A

Eggs/larvae

35
Q

A few parasites survive as adults in the soil or water, and can penetrate what?

A

Skin

36
Q

How are protozoans that only reside in hosts directly transmitted?

A

Sexually
Insect bites

37
Q

The definitive host of a parasite is…

A

where the mature form of the parasite occurs.

38
Q

Which of the following is a ‘dead-end’ parasite of humans?

Balantidium coli
Entamoeba histolytica
Plasmodium
Acanthamoeba
Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Acanthamoeba

39
Q

Which of the following parasites is not generally microscopic in its mature form, even though microbiologists usually study them?

cyclosporas
toxoplasmas
leishmanias
helminths
amoebae

A

helminths

40
Q

Why are parasites understudied?

A. not many parasite are deadly
B. we know how to prevent and treat these infections
C. there is a only a small market for parasite treatments
D. A&B

A

D. A&B

41
Q

Which of these are included in the field of study know as Parasitology

A. some types of worms
B. biting insects
C. infectious protozoans
D. pathogenic bacteria
E. all except D

A

E. all except D

42
Q

Which protozoa are important in being transmitted congenitally from mother to baby?

A

Toxoplasma
Malaria

43
Q

What is considered to be just as important as lab exam of specimens in recognizing parasitic diseases?

A

Geographic distribution

44
Q

What are the major factors that influence parasite survival in the environment?

A

Sanitation
Level of clean water
Temperature
Humidity

45
Q

What is the most important diagnostic tool for parasites?

A

Direct microscopic exam of feces

46
Q

What determines the need for initial and repeated stool microscopy or serology?

A

Pt history, including travel

47
Q

What are specialized serological (antigen or host AB) tests available for?

A

Protozoans

(includes many, but not all high US prevalent parasites)

48
Q

How is species specific testing for the Malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, done?

A

PCR

(it is super important to diagnose this species!!)

49
Q

T/F: All these common parasitic diseases most often respond well to treatment

A

True

50
Q

What do anti-parasite drugs target?

A

Eukaryotic cells

51
Q

Why must dosing levels for anti-parasitic drugs be carefully applied and evaluated?

A

They target eukaryotic cells, making them more problematic than antibiotics

52
Q

What is the most common treatment for protozoans?

A

Metronidizole

53
Q

What is the most common treatment for worms?

A

Benzamidazoles

54
Q

What drug is converted to an active agent only in organisms that can grow anaerobically, and then causes DNA damage?

A

Metronidizole

55
Q

What drug interferes with nematode tubulin function, and kills worms in several days?

A

Benzamidazoles

56
Q

Are there many parasite vaccines?

A

NO, but malaria and hookworm vaccines are currently being developed

57
Q

What programs are valuable in preventing infection?

A

Mosquito and other insect vector control

58
Q

What can reduce, but not likely prevent infection?

A

Mosquito net
Insect repellent

59
Q

What should you avoid swimming and bathing in if its a high parasite prevalence region?

A

Fresh water

60
Q

T/F: You should never drink water and stay dehydrated to avoid getting an infection in high parasite prevalence regions

A

FALSE; stay hydrated! Avoiding the water can have the opposite of intended effect

61
Q

What foods should you avoid when visiting high parasite prevalence regions?

A

Avoid salad, fruit, ice, undercooked foods

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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