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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 11 - Coronavirus (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 11 - Coronavirus (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Which viruses are the only +ssRNA virus with a helical capsid?

A

Coronaviruses

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2
Q

Describe coronaviruses

A

+ssRNA
Helical
Enveloped

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3
Q

What can coronaviruses do that is unlike other RNA viruses?

A

Proofread when copying their RNA
Lower mutation rate

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4
Q

Can coronaviruses change by antigenic drift?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What do coronaviruses use to make changes in their genome?

A

Recombination

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6
Q

T/F: Hand sanitizer does NOT work on coronaviruses

A

FALSE, hand sanitizer works on coronaviruses since it is an enveloped virus

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7
Q

What coronaviruses cause the common cold?

A

HCoV

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8
Q

What does HCoV stand for?

A

Human coronavirus

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9
Q

Are HCoV infections local or generalized? What is the incubation time?

A

Local infection; short incubation time of 2-4 days

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10
Q

What virus is 1st in causing the common cold? What virus is 2nd?

A

1st = rhinovirus
2nd = HCoV

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11
Q

T/F: Immunity to HCoV is not entirely protective (wanes after time) and reinfection is common.

A

True

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12
Q

T/F: HCoV has seasonality in the summer months

A

FALSE, HCoV has seasonality in the winter months

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13
Q

What does SARS-CoV stand for?

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

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14
Q

There were almost no asymptomatic infections in which coronavirus?

A

SARS-CoV

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15
Q

The fatality rate was higher in which patients infected with SARS-CoV?

A

Older patients

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16
Q

How did SARS-CoV emerge?

A

Palm civet was infected with bat CoV in China

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17
Q

Why was the spread of SARS-CoV infection rapid and hard to control?

A

Super-spreaders

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18
Q

People able to infect a large number of people due to high virus loads and aerosolization of the virus

A

Super-spreaders

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19
Q

When were SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV better controlled?

A

Better diagnosis
Isolation of patient + their contacts

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20
Q

T/F: Asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic people did not spread SARS, which helped control its spread.

A

True

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21
Q

Which coronavirus has had multiple introductions to humans from camels, and infects some people every year in the Middle East?

A

MERS-CoV

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22
Q

What does MERS-CoV stand for?

A

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

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23
Q

T/F: Unlike SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV has mild and asymptomatic infections.

A

True

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24
Q

What does MERS-CoV infections cause?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Renal disease

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25
Q

How is MERS-CoV spread?

A

Respiratory
Hospital settings + household contact with infected people (most common)

26
Q

T/F: Like SARS-CoV, there are super-spreaders that facilitate faster spread of MERS-CoV

A

True

27
Q

The CFR for MERS-CoV is ______

A

high

28
Q

What does SARS-CoV-2 resemble?

A

A bat coronavirus

29
Q

What is the intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2?

A

Unknown

30
Q

T/F: Unlike MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 has sustained community spread

A

True

31
Q

T/F: Unlike SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 can spread from asymptomatic people before people show symptoms, making control of the outbreak much harder

A

True

32
Q

Are there super-spreaders in SARS-CoV-2?

A

Yes!

This is true for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV as well

33
Q

In SARS-CoV-2, the CFR is ________ the older the infected and with the existence of
comorbidities. If hospitals are overrun, then CFR tends to go _________

A

higher; higher

34
Q

What is the incubation time for SARS-CoV-2?

A

2-5 days, up to 12

35
Q

Is SARS-CoV-2 systemic or local?

A

Both

36
Q

T/F: Many people with post-COVID syndrome have lingering symptoms. For some, the symptoms get much better with time, while others seem to have symptoms lasting years

A

True

37
Q

How many antivirals are used to treat SARS-CoV-2?

A

3

38
Q

What else, besides antivirals, can be used to treat SARS-CoV-2?

A

Monoclonal ABs

39
Q

What is Paxlovid used for?

A

Non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infections

40
Q

What is Remdesivir used for?

A

Mild to severe SARS-CoV-2 infections

41
Q

Paxlovid is a combination pill with how many components?

A

2

42
Q

What are the 2 components in Paxlovid?

A

Protease inhibitor + component that keeps the level of inhibitor more steady

43
Q

What does the protease inhibitor in Paxlovid work against?

A

The main protease of SARS-CoV-2

44
Q

What 2 ways is Remdesivir given to patients?

A

IV injection
In a nucleotide inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2’s RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

45
Q

Which SARS-CoV-2 antiviral is given early to prevent hospitalization or upon hospitalization?

A

Remdesivir

46
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies given to patients?

A

IV injection

47
Q

Do monoclonal antibodies work on the current SARS-CoV-2 variants?

A

NO

48
Q

How many SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are available in the US?

A

3

(2 mRNA vaccines, 1 subunit vaccine)

49
Q

What do the mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 encode?

A

Spike protein

50
Q

Receptor-binding protein on the viral surface of SARS-CoV-2

A

Spike protein

51
Q

What happens when the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA enters a cell?

A

Spike protein is made

52
Q

What is the RNA encoded inside of in mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines?

A

Lipid or nanoparticle

53
Q

What can some lipids and the RNA itself act as in mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines?

A

Act as an adjuvant

54
Q

The mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines give what response with 2 doses?

A

Neutralizing AB response

55
Q

Is a regular booster needed with the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines?

A

Yes

56
Q

T/F: It is recommended that people get the vaccine even if they have previously had SARS-
CoV-2 because It will boost their neutralizing antibodies/help protect against the changing
strain of SARS-CoV-2

A

True

57
Q

What is the newest SARS-CoV-2 vaccine?

A

A subunit vaccine from Novoxax

58
Q

What does the subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine contain in addition to the spike protein?

A

An adjuvant

59
Q

What is the only SARS-CoV-2 variant detected in the world right now?

A

Omicron

60
Q

T/F: However, subvariants of omicron occur fairly regularly, supplanting the old omicron subvariants

A

True

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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