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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 7 - Worms & Flukes (Mini Exam) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 7 - Worms & Flukes (Mini Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 4th type of Nematode roundworm that is not part of the “Big 3”

A

Threadworm

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2
Q

Which roundworm has an important ability called “endogenous” or “auto-reinfection”?

A

Threadworm

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3
Q

What are 2 other major types of worms of sufficiently high interest?

A

Tapeworms
Flukes

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4
Q

Which of these are considered “parasites” in the field of infectious diseases?

A. protozoans
B. bacteria
C. some insects
D. A & C
E. all of the above

A

D. A & C

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5
Q

What causes more human disease than any other infection?

A

Worms and flukes (helminths)

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6
Q

Worms and flukes have variation on ___________ route of infection and mature in soil

A

fecal-oral

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7
Q

Which type of flukes have the highest mortality?

A

Tropical blood flukes

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8
Q

Why are worms and flukes difficult to assess?

A

Low CDC reportability

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9
Q

Track left by a hookworm in the human body, shows an immune response

A

Laval migrans

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10
Q

What are the most successful human parasites?

A

Nematodes

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11
Q

5 most common parasite infections worldwide

A

Common roundworm
Whipworm
Hookworm
Threadworm
Pinworm

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12
Q

Which parasite infection is the #1 most prevalent in the US?

A

Pinworm

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13
Q

What is the only host for the entire life cycle of a pinworm?

A

Humans

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14
Q

What is the size of pinworms?

A

Small (5-10 mm)

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15
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

Pinworm

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16
Q

How do pinworms lay eggs?

A

Female emerges from anus and lays them on skin at night and dies

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17
Q

What do pinworm eggs require in order to develop?

A

More oxygen

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18
Q

Where are pinworms more often found?

A

Urban areas

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19
Q

How are pinworm eggs ingested?

A

Fecal-oral
Surfaces (including clothes)
Swallowing dust containing eggs

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20
Q

Almost all children are infected by pinworms at some time between the ages of _____ - _____

A

2 - 10

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21
Q

T/F: Adult pinworm infections are typically symptomatic

A

FALSE; they are asymptomatic

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of a pinworm infection?

A

Intense itching of perianal area

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23
Q

How long does a pinworm infection take to resolve?

A

~6 weeks (but eggs are often re-ingested)

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24
Q

How can you diagnose pinworm infections?

A

Collect them from area using scotch tape

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25
Q

How can you prevent pinworm infections?

A

Hand washing
Vaseline to prevent eggs from getting O2
Pyrantel

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26
Q

What is the #1 most medically important helminth in the US and the world?

A

Common roundworm

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27
Q

Ascaris lumbricodes

A

Common roundworm

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28
Q

What is the only host for common roundworms?

A

Humans

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29
Q

What is the size of common roundworms?

A

Large (up to 30 cm)

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30
Q

Where are common roundworms most abundant?

A

Tropics (Asia especially)

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31
Q

What is required for development of common roundworm larvae within eggs?

A

Warm moist soil

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32
Q

How do common roundworms and hookworms move in the body?

A

“Lung migration”

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33
Q

What are common roundworm eggs resistant to?

A

Chemical inactivation

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34
Q

What are common roundworm eggs susceptible to?

A

Sunlight

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35
Q

How long must common roundworm eggs incubate in warm soil in order to become infectious?

A

Weeks

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36
Q

How long are common roundworm eggs viable?

A

Years

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37
Q

In regions that use human waste as fertilizer, common roundworm infections from consuming ____________ are very common

A

vegetables

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38
Q

Common roundworm larva inside eggs are ingested from _____________ _______

A

contaminated soil

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39
Q

Common roundworms hatch in the small intestine and larvae burrow through the wall. How are they carried to the lungs?

A

Blood

40
Q

T/F: The initial migration of tiny larval common roundworms through the small intestine often does NOT cause major symptoms

A

True

41
Q

The size of the adult common roundworm can result in blocking the ___________, or bile/other ducts, but only on high doses/burdens

A

intestine

42
Q

What are the symptoms of common roundworm infection?

A

Insomnia
Malnutrition

43
Q

How long does an untreated common roundworm infection last?

A

1-2 years, which is the life-span of the adult common roundworm

(unless reinfected)

44
Q

Hookworm eggs and early stage larvae mature in the soil and give rise to a __________ larva that is able to penetrate the ________

A

motile; skin

45
Q

Necator americanus

A

Hookworm

46
Q

Hookworm eggs and early stage larvae mature in the _____ and give rise to a _______ larva that is able to penetrate the skin

A

soil; motile

47
Q

What is the big advantage of hookworms?

A

They have motile larva!

(don’t have to rely on ingestion of the eggs)

48
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

A

“Old world” hookworm species

49
Q

T/F: Hookworms are smaller than common roundworms

A

True

50
Q

What is the size of hookworms?

A

0.1 cm

51
Q

T/F: Hookworm infections are more often symptomatic

A

FALSE; they are usually asymptomatic

52
Q

How do hookworms injure humans?

A

Attachment and sucking blood (anemia)

53
Q

Do hookworms lead to physical damage?

A

NO, but they injure by attachment and sucking blood (anemia)

54
Q

How long do hookworms live?

A

2-4 years

55
Q

Where do hookworms mostly live?

A

Tropical regions

56
Q

Hookworm eggs are resistant in the _______, which must be warm and moist to sustain them and larvae. However, both eggs and larvae are susceptible to _____________

A

soil; sunlight

57
Q

Where do hookworm eggs hatch?

A

In soil

58
Q

How long can developing hookworm larvae live without a host?

A

Several weeks

59
Q

How can you get a hookworm infection in regions without indoor plumbing?

A

Walking in latrine areas

60
Q

How do hookworm larvae get into the human body?

A

Through skin

61
Q

What part of the body do hookworms typically enter through? What does this cause?

A

Foot

Causes intense itching (“ground itch”)

62
Q

How do hookworms migrate through the body? Where do they reside? What do they feed on?

A

Blood system to lungs (lung migration)
Coughed upwards, then swallowed
Reside in small intestine
Attaches/feeds on blood

63
Q

What do hookworms cause?

A

Anemia
Fatigue
Weight loss

64
Q

What can hookworms cause as they migrate through the bronchial tree?

A

Wheezing
Pneumonia-like symptoms
Eosinophilia

65
Q

What is the most common way to diagnose hookworms?

A

Appearance of eggs in stool on “O & P”

66
Q

When can eggs be seen during a hookworm infection?

A

5-7 weeks after infection

(this is when larvae mature)

67
Q

What is the treatment of hookworms?

A

Mebendazole

68
Q

Name 3 ways to prevent hookworm infection

A

Improved sanitation (especially human waste)
Shoes
Vaccines

69
Q

Trichurus trichuria

A

Whipworm

70
Q

What is the size of whipworms?

A

Big (3-5 cm long)

71
Q

T/F: Whipworms have lung migration

A

FALSE

72
Q

Where does the whipworm thread it’s thin, coiled majority of the body (whip-like anterior) into?

A

Mucosa of the colon

73
Q

What is the thin, coiled majority of the body (whip-like anterior) of the whipworm?

A

It’s esophagus

74
Q

What is the widened, pinkish gray region of the whipworm?

A

It’s intestines and reproductive organs

75
Q

How long do whipworms live?

A

4+ years

76
Q

What type of weather do whipworms like?

A

Tropical

77
Q

What areas are whipworms most frequent?

A

Areas where human waste is used as fertilizer or outdoor latrines are used

78
Q

Whipworm infection is most prevalent among __________

A

children

79
Q

How do whipworm eggs enter the body?

A

Ingested directly or in food

80
Q

Where do whipworm eggs hatch?

A

Small intestine

81
Q

Where do adult whipworms migrate and thread their anterior portion (whip-like end)?

A

Colon

82
Q

Are whipworm infections frequently symptomatic or asymptomatic?

A

Asymptomatic

83
Q

Severe whipworm infection may also present with what?

A

Rectal prolapse

84
Q

What are some characteristics of whipworm infection, particularly in children?

A

Weight loss
Nutritional deficiencies
Anemia

85
Q

What exam reveals the presence of typical whipworm eggs?

A

Stool O & P

86
Q

What can be used to directly diagnose whipworms by ID of the threadlike form with an attenuated, whip-like end?

A

Colonoscopy

87
Q

What do you use to treat whipworm infections?

A

Bendazole + ivermectin

88
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Threadworm

89
Q

Like the hookworm, threadworm larvae actively seek hosts and penetrate the ______

A

skin

90
Q

Where do threadworms replicate?

A

-In the host
-Can also replicate WITHOUT a host in soil

(this is unique!)

91
Q

The largest nematode parasite of humans is…

A

Common roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides)

92
Q

Which of the following is the most common parasitic worm in the United States?

Taenia saginata
Schistosoma mansoni
Ascaris lumbricoides
Echinococcus granulosus
Enterobius vermicularis

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

93
Q

The parasites classified as Nematodes are known as…

A

Roundworms

94
Q

Which of the following regarding all of the tapeworms that infect humans is TRUE?

They all have non-human intermediate hosts.
They reside in the muscle tissue of the definitive host.
Humans are the normal intermediate hosts.
The larva can directly infect humans upon contact with skin.
They are transmitted by insect vectors.

A

They all have non-human intermediate hosts.

95
Q

Why are many common helminth infections self-limited in duration?

effective treatments are available
immune responses usually clear the parasite
most prevalent worms do not replicate in the body
all of these

A

most prevalent worms do not replicate in the body

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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