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D2 Summer > Microbio Week 3 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Microbio Week 3 (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Which bacterial infections have NO vaccines?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Corneybacterium diptheria
Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
Strep pyogenes

A

Staph aureus
Strep pyogenes

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2
Q

T/F: Teichoic acid is found in Gram + bacteria and is sometimes inflammatory, but sometimes good

A

True

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3
Q

What bacteria?

Related to bifidobacteria, found in probiotics
found in oral, vaginal, and GI tracts; gets energy from fermentation by converting glucose -> lactic acids

Normal flora

A

Lactobacillus

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4
Q

What bacteria?

+spores, anaerobic, +/-toxins (tetanus, botulism), found in soil and gut

Normal flora

A

Clostridia

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5
Q

What bacteria?

Grows in the fridge at 40 degrees, packaged meats

Not normal flora

A

Listeria

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6
Q

What bacteria?

Common oral pathogen responsible for face and neck granular abscesses

Normal flora

A

Actinomyces

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7
Q

What bacteria?

Related propionobacteria, “diptheroids”

Normal flora

A

Corynebacteria

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8
Q

What bacteria?

Includes TB and leprosy

Not normal flora

A

Mycobacteria

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9
Q

What bacteria?

+spores, aerobic, B. anthracis

Not normal flora

A

Bacilli

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10
Q

Staphylococcus tests positive/negative for catalase, whereas Streptococcus tests positive/negative for catalase

A

Staph = catalase positive
Strep = catalase negative

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11
Q

Lactobacilli and bifidobacterium are also called _________ ________

A

lactic acids

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12
Q

What bacteria is used in food production like yogurt, cheese, and milk?

A

Lactobacilli

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13
Q

“Teichoic acids interfere with enteric pathogens and can inhibit cariogenic enzymes in Strep” is a unique feature of _______________

A

Lactobacillus

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14
Q

The first bacteria to colonize newborns and are dominate for the first 3 years

A

Bifidobacterium

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15
Q

Bifidobacterium require ________ oliigosaccharides

A

plant/milk

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16
Q

Name 2 Gram + rod spore formers

A

Clostridium (anaerobic)
Bacillus (aerobic or facultative)

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17
Q

When are endospores formed?

A

When bacteria run out of nutrients, during stationary growth

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18
Q

Uniques aspects of endospores

A

Heat resistant
Resistant to drying, chemicals, radiation
Viable for thousands of years
Position in cell sometimes distinctive

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19
Q

How to kill endospores

A

Autoclave
Bleach

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20
Q

Which bacteria are found widely distributed in soil, particularly spores?

A

Clostridium

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21
Q

These bacteria are one of the most common causes of food poisoning and gas gangrene

A

Clostridium perfringes

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22
Q

Name 2 neurotoxic Clostridium bacteria

A

C. botulinum (causes botulism)
C. tetani (causes tetanus)

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23
Q

This bacteria causes cellulitis, gas gangrene, and food poisoning

A

Clostridium perfringes

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24
Q

This bacteria causes pseudomembranous colitis

A

Clostridium difficile

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25
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat Clostridium difficile?

A

Vancamycin

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26
Q

What bacteria are small Gram + coccobacilli that are commonly found living in soil-plant environments, but can grow INSIDE host cells (intracellular)

A

Listeria

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27
Q

What is the only species of Listeria?

A

L. monocytogenes

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28
Q

This bacteria can be transmitted from commercial foods

A

Listeria

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29
Q

Listeria is a __________ ____________ that can grow in vacuum packed foods and it likes colder temperatures

A

facultative anaerobe

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30
Q

If these pts get listeria, then it’s dangerous b/c it can be transplacental or congenital (transmits from mother to fetus)

A

Pregnant pts

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31
Q

T/F: Actinomyces is acid fast

A

FALSE; mycobacteria is acid fast

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32
Q

Actinomyces is facultative, but it is only seen in ___________ sites

A

anaerobic

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33
Q

Where do we find actinomyces?

A

Normally in gingival crevice + gut
Also in oral + facial swellings

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34
Q

Which bacteria is described as Gram +, filamentous, and branching bacilli

A

Actinomyces

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35
Q

Pt presents with a cervicafacial lesion and has had non-tender swellings which drain pus through sinus tracts along the jaw and neck.
They recently had dental work done.

Which bacteria most likely caused this infection?

A

Actinomyces!!! most relevant to dentistry

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36
Q

Which bacteria is often misdiagnosed as a tumor or mass?

A

Actinomyces

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37
Q

Actinomyces cause cervicofacial lesions that are mixed ____________ infections

A

anaerobe

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38
Q

T/F: Actinomyces is only present when there’s an infection in the oral cavity.

A

False!! it’s also present in normal flora in the mouth, intestines, and vagina

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39
Q

If yellow sulfur granules are present in pus, what does the pt have?

A

Actinomycosis

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40
Q

How do you diagnose an actinomycosis infection?

A

Gram + stain
Seeing sulfur granules

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41
Q

How do you treat an actinomycosis infection?

A

Beta-lactam antibiotic
Surgery to biopsy, remove masses

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42
Q

Which bacteria?

Gram + rods found in upper respiratory tract and skin, called “diptheroids” because they look like pallisading rod or Chinese letter; not harmful

A

Corynebacteria (diptheroids)

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43
Q

Characteristics of Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

Irregular/club shape Gram + rods
Aerobes that do NOT form spores
Causes diptheria

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44
Q

This bacteria produces a soluble toxin, encoded by a lysogenic bacteriophage, which causes a membrane-like coating in the throat by ribosylation of the ribosome (can be fatal in 20% of children)

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

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45
Q

What do the letters in the “DPT” vaccine stand for?

A

D = diptheria
P = pertussis
T = tetanus

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46
Q

What bacteria?

Gram + rods, aerobes, form spores

A

Bacillus

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47
Q

2 medically important Bacillus

A

Bacillus anthracis (causes anthrax)
Bacillus cereus (causes food posioning)

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48
Q

Is Bacillus anthracis intracellular or extracellular?

A

Intracellular

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49
Q

How is Bacillus anthracis transmitted?

A

Animals -> humans

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50
Q

What bacteria?

Gram + irregular thin rods; acid-fast staining

A

Mycobacteria

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51
Q

T/F Mycobacteria have lots of flagella and spores

A

FALSE; no flagella or spores

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52
Q

Mycobacteria have mycolic acids so we use a unique stain called “acid-fast” staining. Describe this stain

A

The red-stained cell wall remains stained when decolorized with acid-alcohol

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53
Q

All the damage of this pathogen is delayed type hypersensitivity (it doesn’t have any exoenzymes, LPS, or toxins!)

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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54
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a unique capacity for _________ metabolism

A

lipid

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55
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an __________ pathogen and has no ____________ reservoir

A

intracellular; enviornmental

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56
Q

T/F: You must spend a lot of time with someone who has active TB in order to get it

A

True, only the tiniest particle of TB is what infects the alveoli in the lung

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57
Q

The 3 intracellular Gram + bacteria

A

1) M. tuberculosis
2) B. anthracis
3) L. monocytogenes

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58
Q

Which of these are Gram + spore forming rods?

Corneybacterium diptheria
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium perfringes
Listeria monocytogenes

A

Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium perfringes

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59
Q

Enterobacteriaceae like E.coli are a large and diverse group of Gram _____ rods

A

Gram -

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60
Q

Where are enterobacteriaceae found?

A

Intestines of humans and animals
also in plants, soil, and water

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61
Q

Major enteric pathogens

A

Escherichia
Shigella
Salmonella
Vibrio (cholera)

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62
Q

What are E. coli and relatives also called?

A

Gamma proteobacteria or just proteobacteria

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63
Q

What type of infections does E. coli cause?

A

Intestinal
Urinary
Wound
Bloodstream
Meningeal

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64
Q

Antigenic typing HOK stands for…

A

H = flagella
O = O antigen coming off LPS in Gram -
K = Capsule

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65
Q

Which bacteria is the leading cause of both community-acquired and hospital infections?

A

E. coli

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66
Q

Which bacteria is the most commonly encountered member of this family in the normal intestinal flora?

A

E. coli

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67
Q

Name some diseases caused by normal flora strains of E. coli (these escape intestinal tract and colonize other body sites)

Are these endogenous or exogenous?

A

UTIs
Septicemia
Neonatal meningitis

They’re endogenous

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68
Q

Name some diseases caused by “new” strains of E. coli that have acquired additional virulence factors such as enterotoxins, fimbriae, and invasive factors

A

Gastroenteritis (diarrhea)

69
Q

What are intestinal infections due to?

A
  1. Fecal-oral spread
  2. Unique strains w/ additional virulence factors
70
Q

Normal flora in intestinal tract of humans can cause disease with ________ or _________ _________

A

trauma; immune supression

70
Q

Additional virulence factors associated w/ intestinal infections

A

Plasmids or phage

71
Q

E. coli virulence factors

A

LPS
Enterotoxins (LT and ST)

72
Q

What are the 2 enterotoxins that are virulence factors for E. coli?

A

Heat-labile toxin (LT)
Heat-stable toxin (ST)

73
Q

What does the heat-labile toxin (LT) in E. coli activate?

A

Adenylate cyclase -> fluid secretion/diarrhea

74
Q

Which enterotoxin of E. coli has an identical mechanism and structure as cholera toxin?

A

Heat-labile toxin (LT)

75
Q

What is the heat-stable toxin (ST) in E. coli responsible for?

A

Fluid secretion/diarrhea

(heat-labile toxin does the same thing)

76
Q

E. coli can colonize and cause inflammation in the __________ and ascend to the ___________ in UTIs

A

bladder; kidney

77
Q

Path of E. coli in invasive neonatal meningitis

A

intestines -> blood -> meninges

78
Q

Vaginal normal flora _________ colonize the infant at birth during passage through the birth canal

A

E. coli

79
Q

Which virulence factor is expressed by E. coli in neonatal meningitis?

A

Capsule (inhibits phagocytosis)

80
Q

Which disease occurs when E. coli cross the epithelial surface and invade bloodstream of pts w/ immune impairment?

A

Bacteremia/septic shock

81
Q

Large amounts of ___________ from E. coli stimulate systemic inflammation and ________ __________

A

endotoxin; septic shock

82
Q

Most common Gram (-) rod found with sepsis

A

E. coli

83
Q

What is a relative of E. coli (on exam)?

A

Klebsiella

84
Q

This bacteria is similar to E. coli with virulence plasmid that allows cell invasion and intracellular growth

A

Shigella

85
Q

T/F Shigella is closely related to E. coli and is considered part of normal flora

A

FALSE; Shigella is NOT part of normal flora

86
Q

Which severe disease is caused by Shigella dysenteriae?

A

Bacterial dysentery (bloody diarrhea)

87
Q

Which mild disease is caused by Shigella?

A

Shigellosis (diarrhea w/o blood)

88
Q

What is the virulence factor for Shigella?

A

Intracellular growth via plasmid

89
Q

What does the Shigella virulence plasmid encode proteins for?

A

Attachment/entry into intestinal epithelial cells

90
Q

The Shiga toxin is lethal because it inhibits ________ synthesis

A

protein

91
Q

The Shiga toxin can be transferred to _________

A

E. coli

92
Q

The Shiga toxin can damage endothelial cells and be local or systemic. What’s the difference?

A

Local: bloody diarrhea
Systemic: kidney failure

93
Q

Which disease is caused by colonization of large intestines with invasion/replication within colonic epithelial cells, causing erosion of large intestine?

A

Bacterial dysentery (S. dysenteriae)

94
Q

T/F: Salmonella is NOT normal, it’s only found when disease is present.

A

True

95
Q

2 diseases caused by Salmonella

A

Food poisoning
Typhoid fever

96
Q

Reservoir of salmonella

A

Intestinal tract of birds, cattle, reptile

97
Q

How are humans infected with salmonella?

A

Contaminated food or water (feces from infected animals)

98
Q

What is the most common Salmonella infection in the US? What bacteria causes this?

A

Gastroenteridis (food poisoning diarrhea) - caused by S. typhimurium

99
Q

What bacteria causes Typhoid fever?

A

S. typhi

100
Q

Salmonella typhimurium has _________ survival and growth

A

intraceullar

101
Q

What is the target cell of Salmonella typhimurium?

A

Macrophages

102
Q

Salmonella typhimurium remains in the ____________ epithelium only

A

intestinal

103
Q

Salmonella typhi also has ___________ growth

A

intracellular

104
Q

What allows Salmonella typhi to invade the bloodstream and cause sepsis-like disease?

A

Vi capsule

105
Q

There are 2 vaccines available for Typhoid fever. When should one get a typhoid vaccine?

A

When traveling to an underdeveloped country

106
Q

Describe the appearance of Vibrio cholera

A

Curved, Gram - rods
Single polar flagella

107
Q

Where is Vibrio commonly found?

A

Surface waters worldwide (it grows over wide temp ranges)

108
Q

Vibrio prefer a _____ pH and are killed at a ______ pH

A

high; low

109
Q

The cholera enterotoxin stimulates __________ secretion by chemically modifying _________ ___________

A

fluid; adenyl cyclase

110
Q

Main virulence factor of cholera

A

Cholera enterotoxin (an enzyme)

111
Q

What type of habitat do Vibrio like? What food are they found in?

A

Warm water with fecal pollution
Found in shellfish, such as oysters

112
Q

Pathology of cholera

A

dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

113
Q

How do we treat cholera?

A

Fluid replacement + oral rehydration

114
Q

The only cholera vaccine

A

Vaxchora - live

(has toxin lacking A subunit - enzyme)

115
Q

Which of these Gram positive rods form spores?

Listeria
Bacillus
Corynebacterium
Clostridium
Mycobacterium
Lactobacillus

A

Bacillus
Clostridium

116
Q

Which of these is a strict anaerobe?

Clostridium
Bacillus
Corynebacterium
Listeria

A

Clostridium

117
Q

T/F: Teichoic acids are always inflammatory

A

False, it may also help regulate immune responses

118
Q

Which of these are intracellular bacteria?

Bacillus anthracis
Listeria monocytogenes
Clostridium perfringes
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Bacillus anthracis
Listeria monocytogenes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

119
Q

What is the difference between the ‘O antigen’ and Lipid A in Gram negative LPS?

A. Neisseria LPS lacks the O-antigen
B. The O antigen is used in strain typing differences among the same species
C. Haemophillus lacks the O antigen

A

All are true

120
Q

Which of these is NOT a Bordetella toxin?

pertussis toxin (PT)
adenylate cyclase toxin
tracheal toxin
Spe superantigen

A

Spe superantigen

121
Q

Which of these bacteria is NOT a major cause of meningitis?

Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis

A

Staph aureus

122
Q

Which of these are true about Haemophilus influenza?

A. It is a major cause of ear infections from the throat
B. The vaccine is a protein conjugated capsule antigen
C. Can cause pneumonia

A

All are true

123
Q

Is there a vaccine for Cholera?

A

Yes, it’s a live strain of Vibrio

124
Q

What is the Vi capsule that is important in Typhoid Fever?

A. capsule seen only on S. Typhi bacteria
B. important in using live Salmonella as a vaccine
C. it is antiphagocytic

A

All are true

125
Q

Which is NOT a toxin E. coli can acquire by horizontal gene exchange and become dangerous?

Shiga toxin
Heat stable toxin
Heat lable toxin
LPS endotoxin

A

All are E. coli toxins

126
Q

What is distinct about Shigella among the other Enterobacteriaceae?

A

It is intracellular, invading epithelial cells

127
Q

Streptocccus pneumoniae is a potentially dangerous bacteria that normally resides in the…

A

upper respiratory tract (mouth, nose , throat, etc).

128
Q

Which of these is NOT a normal resident of the oral microbiota?

Staph aureus
Treptonema denticola
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Poryphormonas gingivalis

A

Staph aureus

(it’s found in the nose)

129
Q

Moraxella are an odd coccus shaped Gram negative bacteria. What other genus of Gram negative coccus normally inhabits in the same body site?

A

Neisseria

130
Q

T/F Most or all abundant oral bacteria have been proposed to play a role in periodontal disease

A

True

131
Q

Which of this is NOT a valid theory about how periodontal disease occurs?

A. aerobic bacteria outgrow and dominate the gingival crevice
B. plaque of any kind is a contributor
C. Red Complex bacteria have a central role in disease
D. host factors and bacterial factors are both involved, adding complexity
E. Porphyromonas gingivalis is not abundant, but important in disease

A

A. aerobic bacteria outgrow and dominate the gingival crevice

132
Q

What Gram positive bacteria are important colonizers of the gingival pocket in both health and disease?

Treptonema
Streptococcus
Actinomyces
Prevotella

A

Streptococcus
Actinomyces

133
Q

About how many bacterial types do we now think are normally found in the mouth?

A

~600

134
Q

T/F Periodontitis is different than other diseases that are now being associated with the gut microbiota, as studies are finding more diversity of species in disease than in health.

A

True

135
Q

Which Mutans streptococcus contributes to caries by producing water insoluble glycans and acid?

Strep oralis
Strep sobrinus
Strep salivarius
Strep gordonii

A

Strep sobrinus

136
Q

Which of these is a proven contributor to dental caries?

Saliva flow rates
Local pH
Strep mutans
Sucrose
Enamel composition

A

All are true

137
Q

Which of these is NOT a known way to reduce caries?

Fluoride
Reduce frequency of sucrose intake
Probiotics
Plaque removal

A

Probiotics

138
Q

Diseases caused by bacterial biofilm

A

gingivitis and periodontitis

139
Q

One of the most prevalent infection-driven, inflammatory diseases

A

Periodontitis

139
Q

How do we determine “who is there?”

A

16s rRNA sequence

140
Q

What are the 3 red complex pathogens that initiate periodontitis?

A

1) P. gingivalis
2) T. forsyhthia
3) T denticola

141
Q

Periodontal disease is a Microbial-shift disease. What does this mean?

A

it can go from homeostasis -> dysbiosis

142
Q

A model of polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis initiated by _____________ and the ensuing inflammation is exacerbated by the overgrowth of inflammophilic pathobionts

A

P. gingivalis

143
Q

Which bacteria is highly proteolytic with gingipains being the major virulence factors?

A

Poryphyromonas gingivalis

144
Q

Proteolytic enzymes that aid in destruction of host antibodies and localized tissue destruction

A

Gingipans

145
Q

Virulence factor associated with periodontal bone loss

A

Gingipans

146
Q

What do vaccines & treatments for periodontitis target?

A

Gingipans

147
Q

Number of papers published related to “dental plaque” vs “biofilm”

A

Many more papers about biofilm

148
Q

Why are there so many bacteria in dental waterlines?

A

1) surface colonization
2) laminar flow
3) surface: volume ratio (diameter decreases -> larger surface area for colonization)

149
Q

Are all dental units contaminated?

A

Yes, but to a different degree

150
Q

Different bacterias are seen at the _________ level

A

genus

151
Q

Most common phylum present

A

proteobacteria

152
Q

Is there any proven health risk from contaminated waterlines?

A

healthy ppl - not really
immunocompromised - yes

153
Q

Most prevalent respiratory pathogen in contaminated waterlines

A

Legionella pneumophila

154
Q

Ways to improve and maintain quality of water used on dental treatment

A

flush waterlines
independent reservoirs
chemical treatment
water source
filtration

155
Q

Bacteria form biofilms in very high/low shear environments

A

High

156
Q

Once a biofilm has formed, it behaves in a _____________ manner

A

rubbery

157
Q

Adherent biofilm-forming bacteria get encapsulated in a ___________ ___________

A

Extracellular matrix

158
Q

Periodontitis is caused by what bacteria?

A

Gram - anaerobes

159
Q

Cells that fight bacteria

A

Phagocytes

160
Q

Describe the stages of bacterial growth

A

1 and 2 : mutualism and commensal bacterial growth
3: transition bacterial growth
4: pathogenic bacterial growth

161
Q

Strep mutant can produce large quantities of _________ _____________ ___________ and ________ that give the bacteria an advantage to outcompete noncariogenic species in low pH environment

A

water-insoluble glucans; acid

162
Q

To cause disease, what 4 basic requirements does the pathogen need

A

1) adhere to tissue
2) invade host and replicate
3) acquire nutrients and avoid host immune system
4) damage host

163
Q

S. mutans uses 2 methods of attachment. What are they?

A

1) sucrose independent
2) sucrose dependent

164
Q

T/F: Sucrose independent binding occurs via ionic and lectin-like interactions.

A

True

165
Q

Streptococcal protein antigen (SpaP)

A

Sucrose independent protein

166
Q

_______ production is the main reason for enamel damage

A

Acid

D2 Summer (37 decks)

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